In the United States, there are essentially three tax regimes when it comes to film tax credits. The United States currently does not have a federal filming credit, unlike Canada. Because of this, states have an open market to compete in which leads to a cutthroat competition. This paper will discuss the current regimes, how they work, and the benefits each has. The second half of this paper is a comparison of the most "successful" regime in Georgia to North Carolina. The conclusion focuses on how North Carolina can exploit weaknesses within the Georgia regime.
{"title":"Comparison of Film Tax Credits Across State Lines","authors":"Emily Gillenwater","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3890522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3890522","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, there are essentially three tax regimes when it comes to film tax credits. The United States currently does not have a federal filming credit, unlike Canada. Because of this, states have an open market to compete in which leads to a cutthroat competition. This paper will discuss the current regimes, how they work, and the benefits each has. The second half of this paper is a comparison of the most \"successful\" regime in Georgia to North Carolina. The conclusion focuses on how North Carolina can exploit weaknesses within the Georgia regime.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128225530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper investigates loan agreements between Nigeria and China to unpack the myths and media frenzy surrounding the Chinese loans in Nigeria. It examines the veracity of the sovereignty clause in loan agreements. Using data generated from both primary and secondary sources and content analysis, it was realized that the hitherto poor infrastructural facilities in many African states have been given considerable facelifts due to the availability of loans from the Chinese government to fund their infrastructural developments. In the last decade, several countries across the continent including Nigeria, Zambia, and Angola have benefited from the infrastructure-related funds from the Chinese government. However, nuanced concerns have been raised by citizens across Africa following an allegation of certain clauses in the China loans that purportedly waive state’s sovereign immunity in case of default thereby granting Chinese companies or government legal rights to automatically take over the same infrastructural assets. The research findings reflect the fact that the narratives on the debt trap are just mere speculation without substantial evidence to prove the adverse effects arising therefrom to the sovereignty and economic stability of Nigerian state. The study conclude that the outright generalization on the debt trap in Nigeria-China relation cannot hold water because only time can substantiate one’s affirmative position or otherwise. The study finally recommends on the improve cooperation between the two countries on the bases of mutual and win-win cooperation on strategic areas of development that will enhance the aspirations of the two countries.
{"title":"The Contestation of the Notion of Debt-Trap Diplomacy on Nigeria-China Relations: The Dilemma and Critical Issues","authors":"Abdulyakeen Abdulrasheed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3881673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3881673","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates loan agreements between Nigeria and China to unpack the myths and media frenzy surrounding the Chinese loans in Nigeria. It examines the veracity of the sovereignty clause in loan agreements. Using data generated from both primary and secondary sources and content analysis, it was realized that the hitherto poor infrastructural facilities in many African states have been given considerable facelifts due to the availability of loans from the Chinese government to fund their infrastructural developments. In the last decade, several countries across the continent including Nigeria, Zambia, and Angola have benefited from the infrastructure-related funds from the Chinese government. However, nuanced concerns have been raised by citizens across Africa following an allegation of certain clauses in the China loans that purportedly waive state’s sovereign immunity in case of default thereby granting Chinese companies or government legal rights to automatically take over the same infrastructural assets. The research findings reflect the fact that the narratives on the debt trap are just mere speculation without substantial evidence to prove the adverse effects arising therefrom to the sovereignty and economic stability of Nigerian state. The study conclude that the outright generalization on the debt trap in Nigeria-China relation cannot hold water because only time can substantiate one’s affirmative position or otherwise. The study finally recommends on the improve cooperation between the two countries on the bases of mutual and win-win cooperation on strategic areas of development that will enhance the aspirations of the two countries.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128609720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Buchanan, one of the founders of public choice theory and constitutional economics, began his career studying fiscal federalism in the doctoral program at the University of Chicago. This paper explores Buchanan’s early interest in Australian experiences with federation and intergovernmental grants as a guide to fiscal federalism in the United States. In his dissertation, Buchanan cited Australia in his arguments against the consolidation of the American states into larger regional governments. He also drew lessons from the early years of the Commonwealth Grant Commission for the intergovernmental grants that he proposed for the United States.
{"title":"Australian Federalism in James Buchanan's Early Work on Fiscal Equity","authors":"D. Kuehn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3858204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3858204","url":null,"abstract":"James Buchanan, one of the founders of public choice theory and constitutional economics, began his career studying fiscal federalism in the doctoral program at the University of Chicago. This paper explores Buchanan’s early interest in Australian experiences with federation and intergovernmental grants as a guide to fiscal federalism in the United States. In his dissertation, Buchanan cited Australia in his arguments against the consolidation of the American states into larger regional governments. He also drew lessons from the early years of the Commonwealth Grant Commission for the intergovernmental grants that he proposed for the United States.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133399228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine economic convergence among subnational regions of Bangladesh over the period 1992-2013. Absent the traditional gross domestic product (GDP) for subnational areas and building on the recent findings of luminosity literature, we use night lights intensity as a proxy for local economic activity to test the convergence hypothesis. Our results show the existence of both absolute and conditional convergence in night lights intensity, but with a very long half-lives of convergence. Moreover, the results also indicate sigma divergence. Together, these finding suggests that regional disparity is persistent and wide across the 544 upazilas (subdistricts) of Bangladesh. There is evidence that lagging upazilas are catching up with the better off ones, but many are also converging with their neighbors or peers (a phenomenon known as “club convergence”). Overall, consistent with the evidence from studies on regional inequality in Bangladesh, our results also indicate that there is an “east-west” divide in luminosity across the subnational units in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Convergence across Subnational Regions of Bangladesh – What the Night Lights Data Say?","authors":"S. Basher, Jobaida Behtarin, S. Rashid","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3853803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3853803","url":null,"abstract":"We examine economic convergence among subnational regions of Bangladesh over the period 1992-2013. Absent the traditional gross domestic product (GDP) for subnational areas and building on the recent findings of luminosity literature, we use night lights intensity as a proxy for local economic activity to test the convergence hypothesis. Our results show the existence of both absolute and conditional convergence in night lights intensity, but with a very long half-lives of convergence. Moreover, the results also indicate sigma divergence. Together, these finding suggests that regional disparity is persistent and wide across the 544 upazilas (subdistricts) of Bangladesh. There is evidence that lagging upazilas are catching up with the better off ones, but many are also converging with their neighbors or peers (a phenomenon known as “club convergence”). Overall, consistent with the evidence from studies on regional inequality in Bangladesh, our results also indicate that there is an “east-west” divide in luminosity across the subnational units in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127136887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the response from both local governments and their voters to a sudden increase in public debt burden. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the ex post cost of toxic loans, a notorious financial innovation adopted by a large number of local governments. A large increase in the debt burden of a local government results in a significant reduction in its investments, but leaves expenses and taxes mostly unchanged. This effect is dampened for local governments that are more politically contested. An increase in public debt reduces the likelihood of re-election for incumbent mayor and its political party. Overall, these findings support the existence of a public debt overhang effect, which binds differently depending on the political context as contested mayors strive to maintain investments.
{"title":"The Effects of Local Government Financial Distress: Evidence from Toxic Loans","authors":"Julien Sauvagnat, B. Vallée","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3782619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3782619","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the response from both local governments and their voters to a sudden increase in public debt burden. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the ex post cost of toxic loans, a notorious financial innovation adopted by a large number of local governments. A large increase in the debt burden of a local government results in a significant reduction in its investments, but leaves expenses and taxes mostly unchanged. This effect is dampened for local governments that are more politically contested. An increase in public debt reduces the likelihood of re-election for incumbent mayor and its political party. Overall, these findings support the existence of a public debt overhang effect, which binds differently depending on the political context as contested mayors strive to maintain investments.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116412427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Setting limits on government action is critical to economic development. Some forms of government organization, such as market-preserving federalism, seem effective to protect property rights in the long term with good results for economic efficiency. Spain endowed its regions with “Statutes of autonomy” in the 1980s thus moving from a centralized to a decentralized form of government. It renewed and expanded some of the statutes in the 2000s. This article investigates whether these two waves of regionalization, which had their own characteristics in each region, had led to positive effects on economic performance. Using a novel autonomous region/country-matched balanced sample for the period 1950-2016, we apply the synthetic control method and compare the economic growth trajectories of Spanish regions with their synthetic control groups not affected by the regionalization process. We show that the first wave of “Statutes of autonomy” had a positive but temporary economic growth impact. By contrast, the second wave of regionalization of the 2000’s is associated with a negative growth impact.
{"title":"Economic Effects of Recent Experiences of Federalism: Analysis of the Regionalization Process in Spain","authors":"Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti, R. Spruk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3765423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765423","url":null,"abstract":"Setting limits on government action is critical to economic development. Some forms of government organization, such as market-preserving federalism, seem effective to protect property rights in the long term with good results for economic efficiency. Spain endowed its regions with “Statutes of autonomy” in the 1980s thus moving from a centralized to a decentralized form of government. It renewed and expanded some of the statutes in the 2000s. This article investigates whether these two waves of regionalization, which had their own characteristics in each region, had led to positive effects on economic performance. Using a novel autonomous region/country-matched balanced sample for the period 1950-2016, we apply the synthetic control method and compare the economic growth trajectories of Spanish regions with their synthetic control groups not affected by the regionalization process. We show that the first wave of “Statutes of autonomy” had a positive but temporary economic growth impact. By contrast, the second wave of regionalization of the 2000’s is associated with a negative growth impact.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127536579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restoring its territorial integrity, the Republic of Azerbaijan has entered a new era. The state authorities have to carry out restructure and infrastructure building tasks in the liberated territories to provide energy, utilities, transport infrastructure, and create conditions for life and business of citizens returning to their native lands. Therefore, one of the main features of the state budget for 2021 is the creation of financial security to implement the aforementioned honorable and responsible tasks. Along with their implementation, the budget for 2021 envisages the creation of financial guarantees for further improvement of the people's welfare, sustainable economic development, and implementation of state programs.
{"title":"2021 State Budget of Azerbaijan: Brief Overview","authors":"N. Gasimova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756015","url":null,"abstract":"Restoring its territorial integrity, the Republic of Azerbaijan has entered a new era. The state authorities have to carry out restructure and infrastructure building tasks in the liberated territories to provide energy, utilities, transport infrastructure, and create conditions for life and business of citizens returning to their native lands. Therefore, one of the main features of the state budget for 2021 is the creation of financial security to implement the aforementioned honorable and responsible tasks. Along with their implementation, the budget for 2021 envisages the creation of financial guarantees for further improvement of the people's welfare, sustainable economic development, and implementation of state programs.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130082611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a complement to the federal EITC, some states offer their own EITC, typically calculated as a percentage of the federal EITC. In this paper, we analyze the effect of state EITC on education using policy discontinuities at U.S. state borders. Our estimates reveal that an increase in state EITC leads to a statistically significant drop in high school completion. We then use a life-cycle matching model with directed search and endogenous educational choices, search intensities, hirings, hours worked, and separations to investigate the effects of EITC on the labor market in the long run and along the transitional dynamics. We show that a tax credit targeted at low-wage (and low-skilled) workers reduces the relative return to schooling, thereby generating a powerful disincentive to pursue long-term studies. In the long run, this results in an increase in the proportion of low-skilled workers in the economy, which may have important implications in terms of employment, productivity, and income inequalities.
{"title":"The Impact of EITC on Education, Labor Market Trajectories, and Inequalities","authors":"Julien Albertini, Arthur Poirier, Anthony Terriau","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3751443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751443","url":null,"abstract":"As a complement to the federal EITC, some states offer their own EITC, typically calculated as a percentage of the federal EITC. In this paper, we analyze the effect of state EITC on education using policy discontinuities at U.S. state borders. Our estimates reveal that an increase in state EITC leads to a statistically significant drop in high school completion. We then use a life-cycle matching model with directed search and endogenous educational choices, search intensities, hirings, hours worked, and separations to investigate the effects of EITC on the labor market in the long run and along the transitional dynamics. We show that a tax credit targeted at low-wage (and low-skilled) workers reduces the relative return to schooling, thereby generating a powerful disincentive to pursue long-term studies. In the long run, this results in an increase in the proportion of low-skilled workers in the economy, which may have important implications in terms of employment, productivity, and income inequalities.<br>","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128628308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-02DOI: 10.31580/JPVAI.V3I3.1614
H.M.Nouman Riaz, Saba Nawab, Mukaram Khan, S. Zubair
Local government system is the most efficient administrative unit to directly observe and deliver the basic needs of public in any country. Millennium Development Goals specific to education and health should also come under the prerogatives of local government based on their success indicators. But in Pakistan, MDG’s have not been treated by politically and administratively decentralized local governments. This qualitative research study investigates the possible role of local government as per perception of real actors, which could have been played in augmenting the scope of primary education and health. The cross-sectional data was collected through interviews from officials working in education, health, and local government departments. Purposive sampling technique helped to select participants who have witnessed the changes in governing system before and after promulgation of LGO, 2001. Semantic approach of thematic analysis was used to analyze the Qualitative data. Analysis discovered the overlooked merits of decentralized local governments in regards to indicators defined by MDG’s. Analysis also found the reasons that hindered the process of obtaining the MDG’s specific to education and health, and factors to improve service delivery in both of these sectors. More than 80% of respondents have validated the unconditional need of politically decentralized local governments to deliver basic needs of public.
{"title":"Perception of Local Government Officials About Role of Local Government System in Achieving MDG’S Specific to Education and Health","authors":"H.M.Nouman Riaz, Saba Nawab, Mukaram Khan, S. Zubair","doi":"10.31580/JPVAI.V3I3.1614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31580/JPVAI.V3I3.1614","url":null,"abstract":"Local government system is the most efficient administrative unit to directly observe and deliver the basic needs of public in any country. Millennium Development Goals specific to education and health should also come under the prerogatives of local government based on their success indicators. But in Pakistan, MDG’s have not been treated by politically and administratively decentralized local governments. This qualitative research study investigates the possible role of local government as per perception of real actors, which could have been played in augmenting the scope of primary education and health. The cross-sectional data was collected through interviews from officials working in education, health, and local government departments. Purposive sampling technique helped to select participants who have witnessed the changes in governing system before and after promulgation of LGO, 2001. Semantic approach of thematic analysis was used to analyze the Qualitative data. Analysis discovered the overlooked merits of decentralized local governments in regards to indicators defined by MDG’s. Analysis also found the reasons that hindered the process of obtaining the MDG’s specific to education and health, and factors to improve service delivery in both of these sectors. More than 80% of respondents have validated the unconditional need of politically decentralized local governments to deliver basic needs of public.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117138404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On July 28, 2020, Chad F. Wolf, the Acting Secretary for Homeland Security, issued a memorandum freezing new initial enrollments into DACA. This paper estimates the economic impacts of this enrollment freeze, on the educational attainment, earnings and federal tax payments of the affected DACA population – those who have turned or will turn 15 after Sept. 2017 – and on state and local tax revenues.
We construct two models of the affected population and its economic behaviors, the first assuming DACA enrollments are immediately reopened, and the second assuming new DACA enrollments remain frozen. We project that over the 2021-30 decade, the youngest members of the DACA population would lose about $6.4 billion in income and productivity, the federal government would lose roughly $2.8 billion in tax revenue, and state and local governments would lose about $705 million in tax revenue.
Since the primary impact of the DACA initial enrollment freeze will be to reduce investment in education, which will in turn sharply reduce these young people’s lifetime earnings profiles, those losses would expand dramatically over time, to about $19.7 billion in lost income and productivity, $7.4 billion in lost federal tax revenue, and $2.0 billion in lost state and local tax revenues in the 2031-40 decade.
2020年7月28日，国土安全部代理部长查德·沃尔夫(Chad F. Wolf)发布了一份备忘录，冻结了新的DACA初始登记。本文估计了这一招生冻结的经济影响，对受影响的DACA人口(2017年9月以后年满或将年满15岁的人)的教育程度、收入和联邦税收的影响，以及对州和地方税收的影响。我们构建了受影响人口及其经济行为的两个模型，第一个假设DACA登记立即重新开放，第二个假设新的DACA登记保持冻结。我们预计，在2021年至2030年的十年中，DACA人口中最年轻的成员将损失约64亿美元的收入和生产力，联邦政府将损失约28亿美元的税收，州和地方政府将损失约7.05亿美元的税收。由于DACA最初冻结入学的主要影响将是减少对教育的投资，这将反过来急剧减少这些年轻人的终身收入状况，随着时间的推移，这些损失将急剧扩大，在2031- 2040年的十年中，收入和生产力损失约为197亿美元，联邦税收损失为74亿美元，州和地方税收损失为20亿美元。
{"title":"The Costs of Closing DACA Initial Enrollments","authors":"Ike Brannon, M. K. McGee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3717861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3717861","url":null,"abstract":"On July 28, 2020, Chad F. Wolf, the Acting Secretary for Homeland Security, issued a memorandum freezing new initial enrollments into DACA. This paper estimates the economic impacts of this enrollment freeze, on the educational attainment, earnings and federal tax payments of the affected DACA population – those who have turned or will turn 15 after Sept. 2017 – and on state and local tax revenues.<br><br>We construct two models of the affected population and its economic behaviors, the first assuming DACA enrollments are immediately reopened, and the second assuming new DACA enrollments remain frozen. We project that over the 2021-30 decade, the youngest members of the DACA population would lose about $6.4 billion in income and productivity, the federal government would lose roughly $2.8 billion in tax revenue, and state and local governments would lose about $705 million in tax revenue.<br><br>Since the primary impact of the DACA initial enrollment freeze will be to reduce investment in education, which will in turn sharply reduce these young people’s lifetime earnings profiles, those losses would expand dramatically over time, to about $19.7 billion in lost income and productivity, $7.4 billion in lost federal tax revenue, and $2.0 billion in lost state and local tax revenues in the 2031-40 decade.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125164825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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