Protecting transgender women within the African human rights system through an inclusive reading of the Maputo Protocol and the proposed Southern African Development Community Gender- Based Violence Model Law

T. Snyman, Annika Rudman
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Abstract

Under Article 1 of the Maputo Protocol “women” are defined as “persons of the female gender”. Notwithstanding this definition, transgender women, persons whose gender is female but who were assigned male at birth, are yet to be recognised or protected under the Protocol. On the contrary, on the African continent, transgender women are some of the most vulnerable persons in society. Due to their frequent misidentification as homosexual men, and widespread criminalisation of homosexuality, these women are regularly discriminated against and victims of stigma and violence. Furthermore, because of the denial of their gender identities, these women are deprived of their legal recognition and subsequent protection of their human rights. This article considers discrimination against transgender women and contrasts it with the provisions of the Maputo Protocol. This article utilises the teleological approach to treaty interpretation, together with postmodern intersectional feminist legal theory and queer legal theory as well as fundamental principles of international human rights law such as dignity, equality and non-discrimination. Finally, the article considers the recognition and protection of transgender women in light of the proposed SADC GBV Model Law.
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通过包容性解读《马普托议定书》和拟议的《南部非洲发展共同体基于性别的暴力示范法》,在非洲人权体系内保护跨性别妇女
根据《马普托议定书》第1条,“妇女”被定义为“女性的人”。尽管有这一定义,变性妇女,即出生时被指定为男性的女性,仍未得到议定书的承认或保护。相反,在非洲大陆,变性妇女是社会上最脆弱的群体之一。由于经常被误认为是男同性恋者,以及同性恋被普遍定为刑事犯罪,这些妇女经常受到歧视,并成为耻辱和暴力的受害者。此外,由于否认她们的性别特征,这些妇女被剥夺了法律承认和随后对其人权的保护。本文考虑了对变性妇女的歧视,并将其与《马普托议定书》的规定进行了对比。本文运用目的论方法对条约进行解释,并结合后现代交叉性女权主义法学理论和酷儿法学理论,以及尊严、平等和非歧视等国际人权法的基本原则。最后,本文从南共体《性别歧视示范法》的角度考虑对跨性别妇女的承认和保护。
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