Conclusion

Abstract

The conclusion examines Soviet Kazakhstan’s development in the post-famine years, with attention to questions of agriculture and identity. It shows how Moscow sought to revive elements of pastoral nomadism to build up the republic’s livestock numbers. It considers what the case of the Kazakh famine tells us about other Soviet collectivization famines, including the Ukrainian famine of 1931-33. Finally, it examines whether the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 should be considered a genocide or not.