Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0003
S. Cameron
This chapter examines the initial phase of Soviet rule over the Kazakh steppe, scrutinizing how officials, ethnographers and Kazakhs themselves struggled to fit Kazakhs’ nomadic practices and the Kazakh steppe’s arid environment into a Marxist-Leninist worldview. Initially, Moscow pursued a contradictory approach, seeking to support pastoral nomadism in some realms and weaken it in others. Nonetheless, this chapter finds that there were aspects of Kazakhs’ practice of nomadism that brought this way of life into clear tension with the proposals for more rapid industrialization that began to circulate during this era. By 1928, Moscow’s assault on pastoral nomadism had begun.
{"title":"Can You Get to Socialism by Camel?","authors":"S. Cameron","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the initial phase of Soviet rule over the Kazakh steppe, scrutinizing how officials, ethnographers and Kazakhs themselves struggled to fit Kazakhs’ nomadic practices and the Kazakh steppe’s arid environment into a Marxist-Leninist worldview. Initially, Moscow pursued a contradictory approach, seeking to support pastoral nomadism in some realms and weaken it in others. Nonetheless, this chapter finds that there were aspects of Kazakhs’ practice of nomadism that brought this way of life into clear tension with the proposals for more rapid industrialization that began to circulate during this era. By 1928, Moscow’s assault on pastoral nomadism had begun.","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121031937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0002
S. Cameron
This chapter examines the Kazakh steppe’s transformation into a multi-ethnic, multi-confessional society under Russian imperial rule. During the late 19th century, more than 1.5 million peasants from European Russia colonized the Kazakh steppe, a development that sparked far-reaching changed to Kazakh nomadic life and to the environmental profile of the steppe itself. These changes also made Kazakhs far more susceptible to hunger, and this chapter argues that the legacies of Russian imperial rule must be considered an important contributing factor to the Kazakh famine of 1930-33.
{"title":"The Steppe and the Sown","authors":"S. Cameron","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Kazakh steppe’s transformation into a multi-ethnic, multi-confessional society under Russian imperial rule. During the late 19th century, more than 1.5 million peasants from European Russia colonized the Kazakh steppe, a development that sparked far-reaching changed to Kazakh nomadic life and to the environmental profile of the steppe itself. These changes also made Kazakhs far more susceptible to hunger, and this chapter argues that the legacies of Russian imperial rule must be considered an important contributing factor to the Kazakh famine of 1930-33.","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123777176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501730443-005
{"title":"2. Can You Get to Socialism by Camel? The Fate of Pastoral Nomadism in Soviet Kazakhstan, 1921–28","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501730443-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501730443-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126696248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501730443-007
{"title":"4. Nomads under Siege: Kazakhstan and the Launch of Forced Collectivization","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501730443-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501730443-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121024360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0005
S. Cameron
This chapter scrutinizes the Soviet regime’s launch of forced collectivization in Kazakhstan, showing how collectivization was accompanied by a broader assault on Kazakhs’ nomadic culture and practices. Intent on increasing the steppe’s agricultural productivity, the Central Committee repeatedly ignored warnings about the risks of sedentarization. As famine began in the winter of 1930-31, Moscow exacerbated the crisis by encouraging the migration and deportation of additional people to the steppe. By the winter of 1931-1932, livestock numbers in the republic had plummeted, and Kazakh nomads had entered into desperate flight.
{"title":"Nomads under Siege","authors":"S. Cameron","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501730436.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter scrutinizes the Soviet regime’s launch of forced collectivization in Kazakhstan, showing how collectivization was accompanied by a broader assault on Kazakhs’ nomadic culture and practices. Intent on increasing the steppe’s agricultural productivity, the Central Committee repeatedly ignored warnings about the risks of sedentarization. As famine began in the winter of 1930-31, Moscow exacerbated the crisis by encouraging the migration and deportation of additional people to the steppe. By the winter of 1931-1932, livestock numbers in the republic had plummeted, and Kazakh nomads had entered into desperate flight.","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116542342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0008
S. Cameron
The conclusion examines Soviet Kazakhstan’s development in the post-famine years, with attention to questions of agriculture and identity. It shows how Moscow sought to revive elements of pastoral nomadism to build up the republic’s livestock numbers. It considers what the case of the Kazakh famine tells us about other Soviet collectivization famines, including the Ukrainian famine of 1931-33. Finally, it examines whether the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 should be considered a genocide or not.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"S. Cameron","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501730436.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The conclusion examines Soviet Kazakhstan’s development in the post-famine years, with attention to questions of agriculture and identity. It shows how Moscow sought to revive elements of pastoral nomadism to build up the republic’s livestock numbers. It considers what the case of the Kazakh famine tells us about other Soviet collectivization famines, including the Ukrainian famine of 1931-33. Finally, it examines whether the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 should be considered a genocide or not.","PeriodicalId":425146,"journal":{"name":"The Hungry Steppe","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127660291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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