Alleviating the small sample-size problem in i-vector based speaker verification

Abstract

This paper investigates the small sample-size problem in i-vector based speaker verification systems. The idea of i-vectors is to represent the characteristics of speakers in the factors of a factor analyzer. Because the factor loading matrix defines the possible speaker and channel-variability of i-vectors, it is important to suppress the unwanted channel variability. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), within-class covariance normalization (WCCN), and probabilistic LDA are commonly used for such purpose. These methods, however, require training data comprising many speakers each providing sufficient recording sessions for good performance. Performance will suffer when the number of speakers and/or number of sessions per speaker are too small. This paper compares four approaches to addressing this small sample-size problem: (1) preprocessing the i-vectors by PCA before applying LDA (PCA+LDA), (2) replacing the matrix inverse in LDA by pseudo-inverse, (3) applying multi-way LDA by exploiting the microphone and speaker labels of the training data, and (4) increasing the matrix rank in LDA by generating more i-vectors using utterance partitioning. Results based on NIST 2010 SRE suggests that utterance partitioning performs the best, followed by multi-way LDA and PCA+LDA.