The legal impunity for gender-based violence against intersex, transgender, and gender diverse persons in Kenya: A legal recognition issue for the African human rights system

Milka Wahu Kuria, Shelmith Gatwiri Maranya
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Abstract

In 2019, a judge of the Supreme Court of Kenya issued a public apology to an intersex person for a decision the court handed down in 2010. The judge regretted the court’s failure to appreciate the identity and human rights needs of intersex persons in that case. R.M. had petitioned the High Court for redress due to the sexual, psychological, and emotional abuse he had suffered while detained at the state correctional facilities. This case highlighted the various forms of violence that intersex, transgender, and gender diverse persons (“ITGDPs”) experience on account of their gender identity. Studies reveal that gender-based violence against ITGDPs in Kenya is intricately conjoined with a lack of socio-cultural and legal recognition of their gender identities. The exclusion engenders pervasive violence by state actors and private individuals. Despite the growing use of public interest litigation (“PIL”) as a mechanism for pursuing the goals of legal recognition and social, economic, and political emancipation of ITGDPs in Kenya, there is scant improvement in policy and practice. The same lacuna obtains in the African human rights mechanisms. The apology, the research findings and the unyielding PIL create the appropriate occasion for a critical examination of the effects of the assumption on synonymy and binarism of gender and sex espoused by the national and the African human rights system, on sexual and gender-based violence (“GBV”) against ITGDPs in Kenya. This article analyses the nexus and how a lack of legal recognition of ITGDP gender identities and expression aggravates sexual and GBV against the group against the backdrop of the African human rights system.
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肯尼亚针对双性人、跨性别者和性别多元化者的基于性别的暴力在法律上不受惩罚:非洲人权体系的法律承认问题
2019年,肯尼亚最高法院的一名法官就法院2010年做出的一项裁决向一名双性人公开道歉。法官感到遗憾的是,法院在该案中未能认识到双性人的身份和人权需要。R.M.曾向高等法院请求赔偿,因为他在被关押在国家惩教机构期间遭受了性、心理和情感虐待。这个案例突出了双性人、跨性别者和性别多元化者(“ITGDPs”)因其性别认同而遭受的各种形式的暴力。研究表明,在肯尼亚,针对itgdp的性别暴力与缺乏对其性别认同的社会文化和法律承认有着复杂的联系。这种排斥导致了国家行为者和个人的普遍暴力行为。尽管越来越多地使用公益诉讼(“PIL”)作为追求肯尼亚itgdp的法律承认和社会,经济和政治解放目标的机制,但政策和实践方面仍缺乏改进。非洲人权机制也存在同样的空白。道歉、研究结果和不屈的公益诉讼为审视国家和非洲人权体系所支持的性别和性的同义性和二元性假设,对肯尼亚针对itgdp的性暴力和基于性别的暴力(“GBV”)的影响创造了适当的机会。本文分析了在非洲人权体系背景下,ITGDP性别认同和表达缺乏法律承认如何加剧对该群体的性暴力和性别暴力。
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