Nanospallation induced by a femtosecond laser pulse

Abstract

In the present work phenomena are considered related to the interaction of ultra-short laser pulses, τL~0.1 ps, with metallic targets. The absorption of laser pulse results in formation of thin layer of hot electrons strongly superheated (Te>>Ti) relative to the ion temperature, Ti. Initial thickness of the layer dheat is small, dheat~δ, where δ~10 nm is the skin layer thickness. Subsequent developments include the following stages: (1) Propagation of electron thermal wave which expands the hot layer dheat; (2) Cooling of electrons due to energy transfer to cold ions; (3) Onset of hydrodynamic motion that constitutes the rarefaction wave with positive pressure; (4) Further expansion of target material leading to the appearance of negative pressure; and (5) Long separation process which begins with nucleation of voids and goes on to the total separation of spallation plate. The thickness of the plate is ~10 nm (we call it nanospallation). Theoretical model involves two-temperature hydrodynamic equations with semiempirical EOS for a metal, electron heat conduction and electron-ion energy exchange. The decay of metastable strongly stretched matter is described by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with extremely large number of atoms. The experimental setup includes femtosecond chromium-forsterite laser operating in the pump-probe regime. The experiments are performed with gold target. Measured ablation threshold for gold is 1.35 J/cm2 of incident pump light at inclination 45°, p-polarization. Calorimeter measurements give for the absorbed fluence Fabs=0.3Finc, therefore the threshold value of Fabs is 0.4 J/cm2.