Silicon detectors for precision track timing

Abstract

Silicon detectors are the most widely used detector technology for precise tracking and vertex detectors at present experiments in particle physics. The requirements for future particle physics experiments are getting even more demanding, not only in required position resolution ( ∼ 𝑓 𝑒𝑤𝜇 m) and reduced pixel sizes, but also in ability to accurately, on the level of tens ps, measure the time of the particle hitting the detector. Among the hybrid pixel detectors there are two directions of developments. Thin Low gain avalanche detectors exploit internal gain to achieve required S/N and fast signal. On the other hand thicker 3D sensors exploit short drift distance given by vertical electrodes for fast charge collection and adequate signal. Monolithic Active Pixel Detectors offer a compromise between achievable signal/noise and thickness and recent developments exploiting also avalanche multiplication can offer excellent performance. The present paper will discuss basics, strengths and limitations of different technologies and possible directions of future developments.