The status of high-power batteries for hybrid electric vehicles

F. Kalhammer
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Nickel-metal hydride, lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries appear suited for hybrid electric vehicles that have significant driving range on battery power alone. The status of these technologies and their prospects for availability w i t h the nexl 3-5 years are discussed. The emergence of hybrid electric vehicles promises viable markets for advanced batteries (as well as for electric power conversion, control and motor technologies) in electric transportation Hybrid electric vehicles especially those with significant battery-only driving range also might become stepping stones in the commercial introduction of electric vehicles that take advantage of the remarkable advances in battery technolog achieved over the past five years. Introduction The successful introduction of Toyota’s PRIUS hybrid vehicle in Japan and the announcements by Ronda and Toyota of plans to introduce their hybrid vehicles in the U.S. market have dramaiically increased interest in this new automotive product. Automobile mnufacturets, regulators and environmentalists see HEVs as a potentially major avenue to increasing vehicle energy efficiency and reducing the emissions of air pollutants. Enam and environmental policy leaders view HEVs especialiy those that derive a significant portion of the propulsion energy from electricity as a stratqy to replace imported oil with domestic energy resources and reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Final@, electric utilities consider grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles a possible business opportunity. Batteries are an essential component of the hybrid electric vehicle types currently under development. In the functionally simplest KEV concept, the battery is employed to store energy captured in regenerative braking plus make-up energy provided by the engine, to keep the battery at approximately 50% state-ofcharge (SoC). The stored energy is used as needed to start the vehicle’s combustion engine and assist the engine during acceleration. The Toyota PRIUS and Honda’s recently announced INSIGHT HEV are exampIes of this “Power AssisuRegmration” (PAIR) -hybrid electric vehicle. Most of the hybrid vehicles currently under development at the three major U.S. carmakers also fall in this cntegoty. This type of HEV requires only a rather small battery that, however, must have very high specific power capability, as discussed below. Hybrid batteries and their controI systems can be designed to supplement not only the power but also the energy delivered by the combustion engine. In that case, the battery is charged by an off-board power source, and it gives the vehicle a limited range over which it can be driven with battery power only, with the associated advantages of zero local emissions and yet lower consumption of oil-derived fuels. Prototypes of hybrid electric vehicles with usable electric range termed “grid-connected”, “charge-depletion” or, in this paper, electric-range (ER) HEVs have been demonstrated. ER hybrids must meet different requirements, as discussed below. Yet another type of hybrid electric vehicle is created if a very smdl combustion engine is added to an electric vehicle to provide emergency driving rangeFrom a battery standpoint, there is little if any difference between the type of battery required for this “range extender” HEV and those for “pure” battery-powered electric vehicles. Ba#ery Requirements and Performance Targets Power assist/regeneration must meet demanding requirements. The most important of these, and the implications for the needed battery performance, are swnmarized in the first data","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838375","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1

Abstract

This paper reviews the status and prospects of high-power batteries intended for application in power trains for hybrid electric vehicles. It is based on a survey of a d v a d batteries conducted by the author for the Califomia Air Resources Board in the first half of 1999. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) concepts and technology are still evolving, as are the associated requirements for energy storage. The most important requirements atablished or implied for several generic HEV typa are discussed to help judge the applicability of candidate batteries. On that basis, high power versions of nickel-metal hydride, lead acid, and lithium ion batteries meet the performance requirements for the power assidregeneration BEV application. Nickel-metal hydride, lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries appear suited for hybrid electric vehicles that have significant driving range on battery power alone. The status of these technologies and their prospects for availability w i t h the nexl 3-5 years are discussed. The emergence of hybrid electric vehicles promises viable markets for advanced batteries (as well as for electric power conversion, control and motor technologies) in electric transportation Hybrid electric vehicles especially those with significant battery-only driving range also might become stepping stones in the commercial introduction of electric vehicles that take advantage of the remarkable advances in battery technolog achieved over the past five years. Introduction The successful introduction of Toyota’s PRIUS hybrid vehicle in Japan and the announcements by Ronda and Toyota of plans to introduce their hybrid vehicles in the U.S. market have dramaiically increased interest in this new automotive product. Automobile mnufacturets, regulators and environmentalists see HEVs as a potentially major avenue to increasing vehicle energy efficiency and reducing the emissions of air pollutants. Enam and environmental policy leaders view HEVs especialiy those that derive a significant portion of the propulsion energy from electricity as a stratqy to replace imported oil with domestic energy resources and reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Final@, electric utilities consider grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles a possible business opportunity. Batteries are an essential component of the hybrid electric vehicle types currently under development. In the functionally simplest KEV concept, the battery is employed to store energy captured in regenerative braking plus make-up energy provided by the engine, to keep the battery at approximately 50% state-ofcharge (SoC). The stored energy is used as needed to start the vehicle’s combustion engine and assist the engine during acceleration. The Toyota PRIUS and Honda’s recently announced INSIGHT HEV are exampIes of this “Power AssisuRegmration” (PAIR) -hybrid electric vehicle. Most of the hybrid vehicles currently under development at the three major U.S. carmakers also fall in this cntegoty. This type of HEV requires only a rather small battery that, however, must have very high specific power capability, as discussed below. Hybrid batteries and their controI systems can be designed to supplement not only the power but also the energy delivered by the combustion engine. In that case, the battery is charged by an off-board power source, and it gives the vehicle a limited range over which it can be driven with battery power only, with the associated advantages of zero local emissions and yet lower consumption of oil-derived fuels. Prototypes of hybrid electric vehicles with usable electric range termed “grid-connected”, “charge-depletion” or, in this paper, electric-range (ER) HEVs have been demonstrated. ER hybrids must meet different requirements, as discussed below. Yet another type of hybrid electric vehicle is created if a very smdl combustion engine is added to an electric vehicle to provide emergency driving rangeFrom a battery standpoint, there is little if any difference between the type of battery required for this “range extender” HEV and those for “pure” battery-powered electric vehicles. Ba#ery Requirements and Performance Targets Power assist/regeneration must meet demanding requirements. The most important of these, and the implications for the needed battery performance, are swnmarized in the first data
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混合动力汽车用大功率电池的现状
本文综述了大功率电池在混合动力汽车动力系统中的应用现状和前景。这是基于作者在1999年上半年为加州空气资源委员会所做的一项关于蓄电池的调查。混合动力电动汽车(HEV)的概念和技术仍在不断发展,对能量存储的相关要求也在不断发展。讨论了几种通用HEV类型确定或隐含的最重要要求,以帮助判断候选电池的适用性。在此基础上,高功率版本的镍氢电池、铅酸电池和锂离子电池满足了电力再生电动汽车应用的性能要求。镍氢电池、锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池似乎适合于混合动力汽车,因为它们仅靠电池供电就能行驶很远的距离。讨论了这些技术的现状及其在未来3-5年的应用前景。混合动力汽车的出现为先进电池(以及电力转换、控制和电机技术)在电动交通领域提供了可行的市场。混合动力汽车,尤其是那些仅靠电池续航里程的汽车,也可能成为商业引入电动汽车的垫脚石,这些汽车利用了过去5年电池技术取得的显著进步。丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车在日本的成功推出,以及朗达和丰田宣布计划在美国市场推出混合动力汽车,极大地增加了人们对这一新型汽车产品的兴趣。汽车制造商、监管机构和环保人士将混合动力汽车视为提高汽车能源效率和减少空气污染物排放的潜在主要途径。Enam和环境政策领导人认为,混合动力汽车,特别是那些从电力中获得大部分推进能源的混合动力汽车,是一种用国内能源取代进口石油并减少二氧化碳排放的战略。最后,电力公司认为并网的混合动力电动汽车是一个可能的商机。电池是目前正在开发的混合动力电动汽车的重要组成部分。在功能最简单的KEV概念中,电池用于存储再生制动捕获的能量以及发动机提供的补充能量,以使电池保持在大约50%的充电状态(SoC)。储存的能量在需要时用于启动车辆的内燃机,并在加速时辅助发动机。丰田普锐斯(PRIUS)和本田(Honda)最近发布的INSIGHT HEV就是这种“动力辅助注册”(Power AssisuRegmration,简称PAIR)混合动力汽车的代表。美国三大汽车制造商目前正在开发的大多数混合动力汽车也属于这一范畴。这种类型的混合动力汽车只需要一个相当小的电池,但是,必须有非常高的比功率能力,如下所述。混合动力电池及其控制系统不仅可以用来补充动力,还可以用来补充内燃机提供的能量。在这种情况下,电池由车载电源充电,它为车辆提供了一个有限的范围,它可以只使用电池供电,具有零本地排放和更低的石油衍生燃料消耗的相关优势。混合动力汽车的原型具有可用的电力范围被称为“并网”,“充电耗尽”或,在本文中,电范围(ER) hev已经被证明。ER混合动力车必须满足不同的要求,如下所述。然而,如果在电动汽车上添加一个非常小的内燃机,以提供紧急行驶里程,就会产生另一种类型的混合动力汽车。从电池的角度来看,这种“增程”HEV所需的电池类型与“纯”电池驱动的电动汽车所需的电池类型几乎没有区别。电源辅助/再生必须满足苛刻的要求。其中最重要的,以及对所需电池性能的影响,在第一个数据中被概括
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