Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838417
S. McKay, M. Peabody, J. Brazzell
A high power, light weight lithium oxyhalide reserve battery has been developed for the Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile program under sponsorship of the Atmospheric Interceptor Technology (AIT) program. This battery has two electrically isolated sections composed of 8 and 9 cells combined in series to provide required power when operating between 24.0 volts and 34.5 volts. One section provides 400 watts average power, while the other section provides a highly varied load that averages 200 watts. The battery has proven itself capable of sustaining this level of loading in excess of 360 seconds in environmental conditions ranging from -20/spl deg/C to 55/spl deg/C. This battery completed qualification to the requirements of the THAAD KV Battery Specification on August 25, 1999.
{"title":"New lithium oxyhalide reserve battery technology","authors":"S. McKay, M. Peabody, J. Brazzell","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838417","url":null,"abstract":"A high power, light weight lithium oxyhalide reserve battery has been developed for the Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile program under sponsorship of the Atmospheric Interceptor Technology (AIT) program. This battery has two electrically isolated sections composed of 8 and 9 cells combined in series to provide required power when operating between 24.0 volts and 34.5 volts. One section provides 400 watts average power, while the other section provides a highly varied load that averages 200 watts. The battery has proven itself capable of sustaining this level of loading in excess of 360 seconds in environmental conditions ranging from -20/spl deg/C to 55/spl deg/C. This battery completed qualification to the requirements of the THAAD KV Battery Specification on August 25, 1999.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123514880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838369
P. Grimes
With the turn of the century, we are entering a new era of personal electricity. It will be created at our command to power our cars, our homes and apartments. Electricity will be the response to the drivers of: environmental factors, toxic emissions and greenhouse gases, improved efficiency, decentralization. But telecommunication, Internet and satellites increasingly globally tie people together. Fuel cells and batteries are the principle systems to develop this age of personal electricity. History of the pathways of fuel cells will help guide the development of the present and the future electrical systems.
{"title":"Historical pathways for fuel cells. The new electric century","authors":"P. Grimes","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838369","url":null,"abstract":"With the turn of the century, we are entering a new era of personal electricity. It will be created at our command to power our cars, our homes and apartments. Electricity will be the response to the drivers of: environmental factors, toxic emissions and greenhouse gases, improved efficiency, decentralization. But telecommunication, Internet and satellites increasingly globally tie people together. Fuel cells and batteries are the principle systems to develop this age of personal electricity. History of the pathways of fuel cells will help guide the development of the present and the future electrical systems.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126829251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838419
T. Noveske, S. Misra, S. Mráz, J. D. Dillon
This paper discusses aspects of gas recombination by precious metal catalysts and their role in valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. It describes a test method to determine catalyst efficiency, that is the percentage of hydrogen and oxygen that is recombined to form water. Testing is not only an important quality control tool but is also necessary to verify the integrity of the catalyst in its surroundings and to determine its limitations in varying operating environments.
{"title":"Some functional aspects of gas recombining catalysts in VRLA cells","authors":"T. Noveske, S. Misra, S. Mráz, J. D. Dillon","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses aspects of gas recombination by precious metal catalysts and their role in valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. It describes a test method to determine catalyst efficiency, that is the percentage of hydrogen and oxygen that is recombined to form water. Testing is not only an important quality control tool but is also necessary to verify the integrity of the catalyst in its surroundings and to determine its limitations in varying operating environments.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116207126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838357
D. Pickett
At the beginning of the space program electrodes for alkaline batteries used in space exploration were derivatives from industrial processes. Later on, electrodes were developed which were specific to space applications and had improved performance in terms of longer life, higher rate performance and lighter weight. Some of the electrode developments have been spun-off into aircraft and specialized industrial applications. Since this time the industrial processes have improved to the point of being somewhat comparable to the ones developed for aerospace. Development of new alkaline battery electrodes is continuing, but overall development priorities have been shifted toward electrodes for nonaqueous lithium-ion systems because of their high specific energy, smaller volume and higher voltage per cell. The following electrodes are discussed: nickel oxide electrodes, cadmium electrodes, hydrogen catalyst electrodes and zinc electrodes.
{"title":"A comparison of electrode manufacturing techniques for aerospace alkaline cells","authors":"D. Pickett","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838357","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the space program electrodes for alkaline batteries used in space exploration were derivatives from industrial processes. Later on, electrodes were developed which were specific to space applications and had improved performance in terms of longer life, higher rate performance and lighter weight. Some of the electrode developments have been spun-off into aircraft and specialized industrial applications. Since this time the industrial processes have improved to the point of being somewhat comparable to the ones developed for aerospace. Development of new alkaline battery electrodes is continuing, but overall development priorities have been shifted toward electrodes for nonaqueous lithium-ion systems because of their high specific energy, smaller volume and higher voltage per cell. The following electrodes are discussed: nickel oxide electrodes, cadmium electrodes, hydrogen catalyst electrodes and zinc electrodes.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122311896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838410
R. Macdougall, J. D. Bertolino, K. Rodden, E. Alger
A project was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of battery charge management systems to control charge and provide equalization to high voltage series-strings of valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries. The goal of the project was to compare the resulting cycle life of charge managed packs to nonmanaged (control) packs. Project results indicated some benefit with use of battery charge management systems and the enormous influence of the charge algorithm applied to the batteries. This paper summarizes the project results, including a description of the test methodology and the battery charge management systems.
{"title":"Lab testing of battery charge management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicle battery packs to evaluate cycle life improvement","authors":"R. Macdougall, J. D. Bertolino, K. Rodden, E. Alger","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838410","url":null,"abstract":"A project was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of battery charge management systems to control charge and provide equalization to high voltage series-strings of valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries. The goal of the project was to compare the resulting cycle life of charge managed packs to nonmanaged (control) packs. Project results indicated some benefit with use of battery charge management systems and the enormous influence of the charge algorithm applied to the batteries. This paper summarizes the project results, including a description of the test methodology and the battery charge management systems.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117286989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838397
B. O. Myrvold
Eight lignin expanders have been characterized by chemical analysis and function as battery expanders. 11 chemical parameters and 14 performance parameters were used in this study. There seems to be no simple linear relationship between expander composition and electrical performance. For cycle life time there might be an optimum at around one carbinyl function per ten monomers. The type of lignin seems to be a very important factor, and few correlations hold across different types of lignin.
{"title":"The relationship between lignin expander structure and performance in lead-acid batteries","authors":"B. O. Myrvold","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838397","url":null,"abstract":"Eight lignin expanders have been characterized by chemical analysis and function as battery expanders. 11 chemical parameters and 14 performance parameters were used in this study. There seems to be no simple linear relationship between expander composition and electrical performance. For cycle life time there might be an optimum at around one carbinyl function per ten monomers. The type of lignin seems to be a very important factor, and few correlations hold across different types of lignin.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132402324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838423
D. Edwards, T. Dayton
In this paper, the authors investigate the effect that two different positive paste additives have on cell performance. They develop models for cells having plates with paste containing these additives as well as plates without any additives. In this manner, one can make theoretical comparisons between the performance of cells with and without additives. The results of their model simulations are compared with experimental data. They find that the positive paste additives can be used to improve performance.
{"title":"Evaluation of two paste additives on cell performance","authors":"D. Edwards, T. Dayton","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838423","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors investigate the effect that two different positive paste additives have on cell performance. They develop models for cells having plates with paste containing these additives as well as plates without any additives. In this manner, one can make theoretical comparisons between the performance of cells with and without additives. The results of their model simulations are compared with experimental data. They find that the positive paste additives can be used to improve performance.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127633131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838405
J. Olson, E. Sexton
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are approaching commercial realization, many using advanced high power, lead-acid batteries. The HEV application is quite challenging due to the high currents going to and from the batteries. Although cycle efficiencies of thin plate lead-acid batteries are as high or better than other available power sources, the heat generated by HEV mode operation is not a trivial issue. The maintenance of a desired state of charge and cell-to-cell balance offer additional complications. These issues present the vehicle integrator with additional complexity in an already complex system. Although the application is relatively new, much information exists or is being developed to help the performance of lead-acid batteries in this difficult task of HEV operation. Operating parameters are offered to help in the transition to these and other advanced transportation systems. They consist of recommendations for discharge, charge and battery management.
{"title":"Operation of lead-acid batteries for HEV applications","authors":"J. Olson, E. Sexton","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838405","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are approaching commercial realization, many using advanced high power, lead-acid batteries. The HEV application is quite challenging due to the high currents going to and from the batteries. Although cycle efficiencies of thin plate lead-acid batteries are as high or better than other available power sources, the heat generated by HEV mode operation is not a trivial issue. The maintenance of a desired state of charge and cell-to-cell balance offer additional complications. These issues present the vehicle integrator with additional complexity in an already complex system. Although the application is relatively new, much information exists or is being developed to help the performance of lead-acid batteries in this difficult task of HEV operation. Operating parameters are offered to help in the transition to these and other advanced transportation systems. They consist of recommendations for discharge, charge and battery management.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127340416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838408
B. Dickinson, J. Gill
This paper is meant to give the industrial vehicle user a look at the benefits that can be found today and the issues remaining with fast charging industrial batteries. The paper is divided into the following sections: background, failure mechanisms of industrial lead acid batteries, AV fast charging technique, laboratory and life cycle data, fast charge ready battery packs, and operational benefits of fast charging. Fast Charging, in the proper environment, can be successfully implemented today and will improve battery performance and increase utility. Improvements in battery cells, battery tray design and industrial truck battery compartments will increase the system performance and expand the market for fast charging to even the heaviest usage operations.
{"title":"Issues and benefits with fast charging industrial batteries","authors":"B. Dickinson, J. Gill","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838408","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is meant to give the industrial vehicle user a look at the benefits that can be found today and the issues remaining with fast charging industrial batteries. The paper is divided into the following sections: background, failure mechanisms of industrial lead acid batteries, AV fast charging technique, laboratory and life cycle data, fast charge ready battery packs, and operational benefits of fast charging. Fast Charging, in the proper environment, can be successfully implemented today and will improve battery performance and increase utility. Improvements in battery cells, battery tray design and industrial truck battery compartments will increase the system performance and expand the market for fast charging to even the heaviest usage operations.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"68 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123116558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838392
R. Guidotti, J. Dai, T. Xiao, D. Reisner
Conventional electroactive stack components in thermal batteries are constructed from pressed-powder parts. These include the anode, separator, and cathode pellets (discs). Pressing parts that are less than 0.010" thick is difficult. The use of plasma spray to deposit thin CoS/sub 2/ cathode films onto a stainless steel substrate was examined as an alternative to pressed-powder cathodes. The plasma-sprayed electrodes were tested in single cells under isothermal conditions and constant-current discharge over a temperature range of 400/spl deg/C to 550/spl deg/C using standard LiSi anodes and separators based on the LiCl-KCl eutectic. Similar tests were conducted with cells built with conventional pressed-powder cathodes, which were tested under the same conditions for comparative purposes. This paper presents the results of those tests.
{"title":"Evaluation of plasma-sprayed CoS2 cathodes for thermal batteries","authors":"R. Guidotti, J. Dai, T. Xiao, D. Reisner","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838392","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional electroactive stack components in thermal batteries are constructed from pressed-powder parts. These include the anode, separator, and cathode pellets (discs). Pressing parts that are less than 0.010\" thick is difficult. The use of plasma spray to deposit thin CoS/sub 2/ cathode films onto a stainless steel substrate was examined as an alternative to pressed-powder cathodes. The plasma-sprayed electrodes were tested in single cells under isothermal conditions and constant-current discharge over a temperature range of 400/spl deg/C to 550/spl deg/C using standard LiSi anodes and separators based on the LiCl-KCl eutectic. Similar tests were conducted with cells built with conventional pressed-powder cathodes, which were tested under the same conditions for comparative purposes. This paper presents the results of those tests.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126681921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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