22.3% efficient silicon solar cell module

Abstract

This paper reports a recent result of 22.3% solar cell module efficiency independently confirmed at Sandia National Laboratories. This is the highest confirmed module efficiency for a module of this size achieved by solar cells made on any material. Modified double layer antireflection coated PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) solar cells of 23% efficiency are used in this module. This double layer coating, together with the redesigned solar cell structure and a shingled encapsulation technique, considerably contributed to this efficiency improvement.