Influence of Late Fusion of High-Level Features on User Relevance Feedback for Videos

Abstract

Content-based media retrieval relies on multimodal data representations. For videos, these representations mainly focus on the textual, visual, and audio modalities. While the modality representations can be used individually, combining their information can improve the overall retrieval experience. For video collections, retrieval focuses on either finding a full length video or specific segment(s) from one or more videos. For the former, the textual metadata along with broad descriptions of the contents are useful. For the latter, visual and audio modality representations are preferable as they represent the contents of specific segments in videos. Interactive learning approaches, such as user relevance feedback, have shown promising results when solving exploration and search tasks in larger collections. When combining modality representations in user relevance feedback, often a form of late modality fusion method is applied. While this generally tends to improve retrieval, its performance for video collections with multiple modality representations of high-level features, is not well known. In this study we analyse the effects of late fusion using high-level features, such as semantic concepts, actions, scenes, and audio. From our experiments on three video datasets, V3C1, Charades, and VGG-Sound, we show that fusion works well, but depending on the task or dataset, excluding one or more modalities can improve results. When it is clear that a modality is better for a task, setting a preference to enhance that modality's influence in the fusion process can also be greatly beneficial. Furthermore, we show that mixing fusion results and results from individual modalities can be better than only performing fusion.