Emevîlerin Hilâfete Gelme Şekillerini Dinî-Siyasî Açıdan Meşrulaştırma Çabaları

Abstract

Legitimacy in governance plays a pivotal role, especially when it serves as the foundation for accepting and perpetuating political powers. Historically, this has been evident in various states, but the case of the Umayyad State presents a uniquely compelling exploration. Unlike preceding Islamic rulers, the Umayyads pursued their claim to the caliphate, not through consensus (shura) but strategic political maneuverings. Their tenure, marked by significant events like the referee incident and the Battle of Siffin, continues to be a topic of debate among historians and scholars of Islamic history. Central to this study is understanding how the Umayyads sought to strengthen their legitimacy, especially in the light of criticisms and skepticisms from various quarters, including the ulama and other societal segments. Their legitimacy was further challenged by the dramatic shift in the nature of caliphate accession and its stark departure from previous norms. By investigating sources ranging from the general history of Islam to Siyasatnama writings and hadith compilations, this study offers insights into the religious-political tools the Umayyads employed. Notably, their evocation of religious verses and hadiths, aimed at underscoring their proximity to Prophet Muhammad, was an evident tactic. Such was the potency of this strategy that many subsequent powers in Islamic history mirrored it to bolster their own reigns. The Umayyads also ventured beyond mere textual references. Their choice of titles was symbolic, marking a distinct departure from earlier traditions. For instance, while Caliph Abubakr chose the title "the Prophet's Caliph (Khalifa Rasulullah)" after his election as caliph posts Prophet Muhammad, the Umayyads opted for titles like "Amīnullah (The one in whom Allah is sure)" and " Khalīfatullah (Vicegerent of God)" both carrying profound religious connotations. Additionally, the Umayyads ingrained their religious identity within the political sphere. Their hands-on involvement in religious duties and practices, such as leading hajj pilgrimages and hosting formal oath-taking ceremonies in mosques, further highlights their endeavor to intertwine religion and governance. However, the crux of the Umayyad legitimacy crisis lay in its foundational approach to governance: a marked shift from harnessing power in the name of religion to exploiting religious sentiments for political gain. This was the first time in Islamic history that a dynasty appropriated religious tenets so explicitly for consolidating power, setting a precedent that would be followed by many after. In conclusion, this research unravels the multifaceted strategies the Umayyad State employed to address its legitimacy challenges, contributing significantly to our understanding of Islamic governance and the intricate dance between religion and statecraft.