Cost of Voltage Violation

Abstract

Line flows and voltages in power systems are allowed to vary within limits without affecting the local price of electricity. Beyond the specified limits, however, these must be brought within the specified band by appropriate means. Operators achieve this by rescheduling generators or by calling up ancillary services. The amount of violation of flow/voltages must be first determined for this purpose. The proposed work obtains flow and voltage profiles as a function of the network parameters and injections for which a new approach is used. Its similarity with fractals is explained. Generators that have a dominant effect on a particular line flow or load-voltage are uniquely identified in the analysis. The corrective mechanism is then implemented for mitigating violations. Fractals are products of scalar multipliers for injected powers. The scalar multipliers are functions of network parameters and structure and need to be evaluated only once. The method is in sharp contrast with those employing sensitivities. The computation of cost of mitigation is direct and does not need an optimization with Lagrange multipliers. The method is expected to be useful to system operators in market-based power systems and for, designing at the planning stage, and calling up ancillaries during operation. Charges for congestion or voltage violation can be analytically obtained to the satisfaction of stakeholders.