Late Pleistocene to late Holocene palaeoecology and human foraging at Kuumbi Cave, Zanzibar Island

Victor Iminjili, M. Stewart, C. Culley, Sean W. Hixon, Steven T. Goldstein, Madeleine Bleasdale, Antonio Jesús Sanchez Flores, Mary Lucas, Jana Ilgner, M. Prendergast, Alison Crowther, N. Boivin, P. Roberts
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Abstract

Background Climate change played a major role in shaping regional human-environment interactions in Africa during the late Pleistocene-Holocene, but this topic has not been exhaustively studied, particularly in eastern Africa. While there is growing evidence that the coastal and island settings in this region played a critical role in human evolution, combined archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies have tended to focus on the arid interior and show the dominance of grasslands with patches of closed and open woodlands during the last 20,000 years. Methods Here, we present stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of zooarchaeological remains (n = 229) recovered from Kuumbi Cave, Zanzibar Island, spanning the last glacial period and the Holocene (20,000 to 500 cal. BP). Results Our data demonstrate that the vicinity of Kuumbi Cave was consistently covered by mosaic habitats, dominated by forests and small patches of open woodland and grassland. The inhabitants of Kuumbi Cave exploited these diverse tropical habitats even after the regional arrival of agriculture. Discussion We suggest that the stable coastal forest mosaic habitats acted as a refugium for foragers during glacial periods and that the Iron Age inhabitants of Kuumbi Cave were not food producers migrating from the interior, but rather Indigenous foragers interacting with food production.
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桑给巴尔岛Kuumbi洞穴晚更新世至晚全新世古生态与人类觅食
在晚更新世-全新世期间,气候变化在塑造非洲区域人类环境相互作用中发挥了重要作用,但这一主题尚未得到详尽的研究,特别是在非洲东部。尽管越来越多的证据表明,该地区的沿海和岛屿环境在人类进化中发挥了关键作用,但考古和古环境研究往往集中在干旱的内陆地区,并显示在过去2万年中,草原占主导地位,有一块块封闭和开放的林地。方法对桑给巴尔岛Kuumbi洞穴中发现的动物考古遗迹(n = 229)进行了稳定的碳和氧同位素分析,这些化石跨越了末次冰期和全新世(20,000 - 500 cal. BP)。结果库姆比洞窟附近以森林和小块的开阔林地和草地为主,一直被马赛克生境所覆盖。库姆比洞穴的居民甚至在农业进入该地区之后,仍在利用这些多样化的热带栖息地。我们认为,稳定的沿海森林马赛克栖息地在冰川时期充当了觅食者的避难所,库姆比洞穴的铁器时代居民不是从内陆迁移过来的食物生产者,而是与食物生产相互作用的土著觅食者。
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