Overview on the Role of Probiotics as Immunomodulator s in Farm Animals

E. Fouad
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Abstract

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that improve the microbial balance of a host animal in all species. Immunomodulators are substances that keep tuning the immune system, so that probiotics are considered as immunomodulators that can stimulate the immune system of the host. Probiotics have many different bacterial species, Lactobacillus, Bifidobac­terium, Bacillus and Enterococcus. They used to ameliorate certain physiological functions, safeguard of disease and mitigation of risk factors. Immunomodulation is a complex phenomenon that needs careful consideration, understanding of mechanisms of probiotic activities and immune functionality along either systematic or locally in GIT. Probiotics able to modulate the immune response via regulating the mediators secreted by intestinal immune system cells and T helper cell as well as regulatory cell stimulation. The interactions between probiotics and immune cells (enterocytes) are complex that is not achieved by a single mechanism. Probiotics are not immune specific, but they have been shown different mechanisms like production of mucin, reduction of permeability of GIT, increasing phagocytic capacity and activation of macrophage and natural killer (NK) cell. On the other hand, cytokines and other regulatory substances are increasing as well as antibodies production (IgA, IgM, and IgG). This review has discussed the probiotics immunological mechanisms in the farm animals.
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益生菌在农场动物免疫调节剂中的作用综述
益生菌是一种有益的微生物,可以改善宿主动物体内所有物种的微生物平衡。免疫调节剂是不断调节免疫系统的物质,因此益生菌被认为是可以刺激宿主免疫系统的免疫调节剂。益生菌有许多不同的细菌种类,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、芽孢杆菌和肠球菌。它们用于改善某些生理功能、预防疾病和减轻危险因素。免疫调节是一个复杂的现象,需要仔细考虑和理解益生菌活性和免疫功能的机制,无论是系统的还是局部的。益生菌能够通过调节肠道免疫系统细胞和T辅助细胞分泌的介质以及调节细胞刺激来调节免疫反应。益生菌与免疫细胞(肠细胞)之间的相互作用是复杂的,不是通过单一机制实现的。益生菌不是免疫特异性的,但它们的作用机制不同,如产生粘蛋白,降低胃肠道通透性,增加吞噬能力,激活巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞(NK)。另一方面,细胞因子等调节物质增多,抗体(IgA、IgM、IgG)增多。本文就益生菌在农场动物中的免疫机制作一综述。
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A Comprehensive Update on Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Antibiogram Screening of Bacterial Pathogens Obtained From Respiratory ‎Manifested Patients in Great Cairo ‎ Considerations about Genomic and Proteomic of (SARS-CoV)-2 and Concern Variants Beneficial Implementation of Probiotics in Farm Animals and Poultry Husbandry Overview on the Role of Probiotics as Immunomodulator s in Farm Animals
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