Open Source, In-Situ, Intermediate Strain-Rate Tensile Impact Device for Soft Materials and Cell Culture Systems

IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI:10.1007/s11340-023-00999-y
L. Summey, J. Zhang, A.K. Landauer, J. Sergay, J. Yang, A. Daul, J. Tao, J. Park, A. McGhee, C. Franck
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Abstract

Background

Intermediate-strain-rate mechanical testing of soft and biological materials is important when designing, measuring, predicting, or manipulating an object or system’s response to common impact scenarios. Open source micro-mechanical test instruments that provide high spatial and temporal resolution volumetric strain field measurements, non-destructive testing and gripping of soft materials with low elastic moduli, programmable strain rates spanning from \(10^{-6}\) s\(^{-1}\) to \(10^{2}\) s\(^{-1}\), and biocompatibility for living cell cultures and tissues in one instrument are lacking in the current literature.

Methods

We introduce a micro-tensile testing device developed to meet all these criteria while being straightforwardly accessible to the end user. This device sits atop an inverted microscope stage, granting the researcher access to 3D spatial resolutions as low as 100 nm and frame rates only limited by the camera speed and availability of recordable photons. The micro-tensile specimen is attached to the test device by a specially designed fixture. This enables a material to be cast into the mold assembly and tested without being manually manipulated before or after testing. The tensile deformation is controlled by two voice-coil linear actuators synchronized to pull a specimen in opposing directions. A field of view focused centrally on the specimen experiences a highly-controllable uniform tensile strain with minimal rigid body motion.

Results

We validate the resulting in-plane strain fields on a 2D poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and a heterogeneous polyurethane foam using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and volumetrically on 3D polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). High-Rate Volumetric Particle Tracking Microscopy (HR-VPTM) is used to quantify and validate the 3D volumetric strain fields at impact-relevant rates. The device can apply up to 200% engineering strain with peak strain rate up to approximately 240 s\(^{-1}\) to a 7 mm long dogbone specimen. Proof-of-concept biocompatibility was tested on 2D and 3D in vitro neural cell cultures, demonstrating the versatility and applicability for both soft materials and living biomaterials.

Conclusion

We demonstrate and validate a versatile micro-tensile impact device for soft materials and in vitro cellular biomechanics investigations. The achievable strain rates for such a design are some of the highest we have found reported to date and enable experiments that replicate the full range of observable large material deformations seen during real-world blunt impacts.

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用于软材料和细胞培养系统的开源、原位、中等应变速率拉伸冲击装置
背景对软质材料和生物材料进行中等应变速率的机械测试,对于设计、测量、预测或操纵物体或系统对常见撞击情况的反应非常重要。开放源码的微机械测试仪器可以提供高空间和时间分辨率的体积应变场测量、无损测试和低弹性模量软材料的抓取、从(10^{-6})s(^{-1})到(10^{2})s(^{-1})的可编程应变率以及活细胞培养和组织的生物兼容性,但目前的文献中还缺乏这样的仪器。方法我们介绍了一种微拉伸测试设备,它既能满足所有这些标准,又能让终端用户直接使用。该设备安装在倒置显微镜台上,使研究人员能够获得低至 100 纳米的三维空间分辨率,帧速率仅受相机速度和可记录光子数量的限制。微拉伸试样通过专门设计的夹具固定在测试设备上。这样,材料就能被浇注到模具组件中并进行测试,而无需在测试前后进行手动操作。拉伸变形由两个音圈线性致动器控制,它们同步向相反方向拉动试样。结果我们利用数字图像相关性(DIC)在二维聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)基底和异质聚氨酯泡沫上验证了所产生的面内应变场,并利用数字体积相关性(DVC)在三维聚丙烯酰胺(PA)水凝胶上验证了体积应变场。高速体积粒子跟踪显微镜(HR-VPTM)用于量化和验证冲击相关速率下的三维体积应变场。该设备可对 7 毫米长的狗骨试样施加高达 200% 的工程应变,峰值应变率高达约 240 s\(^{-1}\) 。在二维和三维体外神经细胞培养物上测试了概念验证的生物相容性,证明了该装置在软材料和活体生物材料方面的多功能性和适用性。这种设计所能达到的应变率是迄今为止我们所发现的最高应变率之一,并使实验能够复制真实世界钝撞过程中可观察到的大材料变形的全部范围。
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来源期刊
Experimental Mechanics
Experimental Mechanics 物理-材料科学:表征与测试
CiteScore
4.40
自引率
16.70%
发文量
111
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Experimental Mechanics is the official journal of the Society for Experimental Mechanics that publishes papers in all areas of experimentation including its theoretical and computational analysis. The journal covers research in design and implementation of novel or improved experiments to characterize materials, structures and systems. Articles extending the frontiers of experimental mechanics at large and small scales are particularly welcome. Coverage extends from research in solid and fluids mechanics to fields at the intersection of disciplines including physics, chemistry and biology. Development of new devices and technologies for metrology applications in a wide range of industrial sectors (e.g., manufacturing, high-performance materials, aerospace, information technology, medicine, energy and environmental technologies) is also covered.
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