Experimental Mechanics最新文献

英文中文

Celebrating Prof. Cesar Sciammarella’s 100th Anniversary and Contributions 庆祝塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授诞辰100周年及其贡献

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01263-1

C. Furlong, H. Espinosa, K.-S. Kim, G. A. Shaw, M. Sutton

引用次数: 0

In-Situ Internal Deformation Measurement of an IDOX Particulate Estane Binder Composite via Backward Digital Volume Correlation 基于反向数字体积相关的IDOX颗粒Estane粘结剂复合材料原位内部变形测量

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01253-3

E. Mehrdad, P. B. Javadzadeh, Y. Ren, N. Peterson, A. Clarke, R. Regueiro, A. K. Arzoumanidis, B. K. Bay, H. Lu

Background

Digital volume correlation (DVC) of in-situ X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) images provides a powerful means to quantify internal deformation and damage characteristics of particulate composite materials under mechanical loading. However, accurately tracking structural evolution becomes more challenging when the material undergoes large deformations accompanied by crack formation and growth.

Objective

This study aims to improve the accuracy and robustness of DVC analysis in heavily damaged particulate composites by implementing a backward incremental DVC approach.

Methods

The internal response of a mock plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) composite was examined. The composite was fabricated by embedding IDOX crystals, 75–150 (mu )m in size, within a polyurethane-based binder, Estane. A cylindrical specimen was subjected to unconfined compression, during which sequential µCT scans were acquired. In the backward DVC approach, correlations are performed in reverse, from the most deformed state back to the undeformed configuration through intermediate steps, using the conventional DVC framework. This method enhances displacement tracking fidelity in regions with severe cracking and interfacial failure.

Results

The backward incremental DVC approach provides improved resolution of displacement and deformation fields near crack-affected regions compared with conventional DVC methods. It enables detailed observation of interface delamination between grains and binder associated with crack initiation and coalescence.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that the backward incremental DVC technique effectively characterizes complex deformation mechanisms in damaged particulate composites and provides valuable experimental data for validating high-fidelity numerical simulations that resolve grain-scale interactions.

原位x射线微计算机断层扫描（µCT）图像的数字体积相关（DVC）为量化颗粒复合材料在机械载荷下的内部变形和损伤特征提供了强有力的手段。然而，当材料发生大变形并伴随裂纹的形成和扩展时，精确跟踪结构演变变得更具挑战性。目的采用后向增量DVC方法，提高重损伤颗粒复合材料DVC分析的准确性和鲁棒性。方法对模拟塑料粘结炸药（PBX）复合材料进行内部响应试验。该复合材料是通过将尺寸为75-150 (mu ) m的IDOX晶体嵌入聚氨酯基粘合剂Estane中制备的。圆柱形试样受到无侧限压缩，在此期间获得连续的微CT扫描。在反向DVC方法中，使用传统的DVC框架，反向执行相关性，通过中间步骤从最变形的状态返回到未变形的配置。该方法提高了严重裂缝和界面破坏区域的位移跟踪保真度。结果与传统的DVC方法相比，后向增量DVC方法可以提高裂缝影响区附近位移场和变形场的分辨率。它可以详细观察与裂纹萌生和合并相关的晶粒和粘结剂之间的界面分层。结论后向增量DVC技术可有效表征损伤颗粒复合材料的复杂变形机制，为验证高保真度的颗粒级相互作用数值模拟提供了有价值的实验数据。

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引用次数: 0

On the Cover: Celebrating Prof. Cesar Sciammarella’s 100th Anniversary and Contributions 封面：庆祝塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授诞辰100周年及其贡献

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01262-2

引用次数: 0

Mesoscale Characterizations of Micro-Slip Friction between Rough Surfaces with ESPI 粗糙表面微滑移摩擦的ESPI中尺度表征

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01261-3

S. Xia, K.-S. Kim

Background

This work is dedicated to Professor Cesar Sciamarella for his contributions to Experimental Mechanics on his 100th birthday.

Objective

We introduce an experimental framework that enables characterization of micro-slip friction behavior in quasi-static rough surface contact.

Methods

We utilize high-resolution displacement-field measurements with electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and employ physically guided digital data processing, facilitated by equilibrium smoothing. This approach allows for the characterization of mesoscale interfacial contact and slip zones. Our verification experiments utilized an innovative end-loaded split (ELS) test apparatus to investigate microslip processes in PMMA contact interfaces.

Results

We observed an apparent interpenetration of contact surfaces that follows a power-law relationship between the normal contact stress and the apparent penetration depth. This apparent interpenetration is attributed to an interfacial roughness layer (IRL). Under combined normal and shear loading, we measured a slip precursor of about 3 microns—known as the Dieterich characteristic slip distance—before macroscopic slip.

Conclusions

This experimental framework broadly holds potential for a wide range of studies in contact mechanics and tribology, including interface adhesion, cold welding, and fretting wear. It may deepen our understanding of rough surface interactions.

本作品在塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授100岁生日之际献给他对实验力学的贡献。目的介绍一种实验框架，可以表征准静态粗糙表面接触中的微滑移摩擦行为。方法利用电子散斑干涉法（ESPI）进行高分辨率位移场测量，并利用平衡平滑技术进行物理引导的数字数据处理。这种方法允许表征中尺度的界面接触和滑动带。我们的验证实验利用了一种创新的端载分裂（ELS）测试装置来研究PMMA接触界面中的微滑移过程。结果观察到接触面表面明显的相互渗透，并遵循法向接触应力与表观渗透深度的幂律关系。这种明显的相互渗透归因于界面粗糙度层（IRL）。在正常和剪切复合载荷下，我们在宏观滑移之前测量了约3微米的滑移前驱，称为Dieterich特征滑移距离。该实验框架在接触力学和摩擦学的广泛研究中具有广泛的潜力，包括界面粘附，冷焊和微动磨损。它可能加深我们对粗糙表面相互作用的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Reversible Tablet Sliding and Strain-Limited Deformation in Nacre: In-Situ Observations and Threshold Determination 珍珠质中可逆片剂滑动和应变极限变形：原位观察和阈值测定

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01252-4

A. Zhang, H. Price, Y. Chen, B. C. Prorok

Background

Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is renowned for its exceptional toughness and energy-dissipating capabilities, attributed to its hierarchical structure of overlapping aragonite tablets bonded by a compliant biopolymer matrix. While tablet sliding has long been proposed as a key toughening mechanism, the reversibility of such sliding under mechanical loading and its strain-dependent behavior remain poorly quantified.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the formation and recovery of dilation bands in nacre, regions where tablet assemblies slide and separate during deformation. The work seeks to determine the strain threshold for reversible deformation and provide new insights into how nacre’s energy dissipation mechanisms operate.

Methods

Nacre beams were prepared from Haliotis rufescens shells and subjected to both ex-situ and in-situ three-point bending tests, the latter within a scanning electron microscope (SEM). High-magnification imaging was employed to monitor tablet gap formation and closure at incremental deflection stages. Tablet gap widths and their propagation depth were quantified as a function of applied strain using image analysis techniques.

Results

Localized dilation bands that formed near the tensile surface under applied bending do so under plane stress conditions. This deformation mechanism redistributes the applied stress locally, effectively reducing stress concentrations and suppressing crack initiation. This work presents direct evidence of large-scale recovery of tablet sliding in nacre, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported before. Furthermore, a critical threshold strain of ~ 0.0062 was identified, beyond which residual tablet gaps remained after unloading, marking the onset of irreversible deformation.

Conclusions

The findings provide two key insights into nacre’s intrinsic mechanisms for mechanical energy dissipation and enhanced damage tolerance. They offer new understanding and design benchmarks for the development of engineered composites aiming to replicate nacre’s exceptional combination of toughness and recoverability.

珍珠，或珍珠母贝，因其特殊的韧性和能量耗散能力而闻名，这要归功于它的层次化结构，层次化的文石片由柔顺的生物聚合物基质结合而成。虽然片剂滑动长期以来一直被认为是一种关键的增韧机制，但这种滑动在机械载荷下的可逆性及其应变依赖行为仍然缺乏量化。目的研究珍珠层中膨胀带的形成和恢复，以及片剂在变形过程中发生滑动和分离的部位。这项工作旨在确定可逆变形的应变阈值，并为珍珠质能量耗散机制的运作提供新的见解。方法以海参壳为材料制备海参梁，对其进行原位和非原位三点弯曲试验，并在扫描电镜下进行原位三点弯曲试验。高倍成像用于监测片剂间隙形成和关闭的增量偏转阶段。利用图像分析技术将片剂间隙宽度及其传播深度量化为外加应变的函数。结果在施加弯曲作用下，在拉伸表面附近形成的局部膨胀带在平面应力条件下形成。这种变形机制使外加应力在局部重新分布，有效降低应力集中，抑制裂纹萌生。这项工作提供了在珍珠层中大规模恢复片剂滑动的直接证据，据我们所知，这在以前没有报道过。此外，我们还确定了一个临界阈值应变~ 0.0062，超过该阈值，卸载后仍有残余片剂间隙，标志着不可逆变形的开始。结论本研究结果为真珠质耗散机械能量和增强损伤容忍度的内在机制提供了两个关键的见解。它们为工程复合材料的开发提供了新的理解和设计基准，旨在复制珍珠层的韧性和可恢复性的卓越组合。

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引用次数: 0

High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy for In-Situ Full-Field Measurement of Large Deformations 高速原子力显微镜用于原位大变形的全场测量

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01250-6

S. Lee, D. Das, I. Chasiotis

Background

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is widely used for high-resolution imaging and for probing the contact mechanics and multiphysics of materials at the nanoscale. However, its application to quantitative, full-field finite deformation studies of soft materials remains unexplored.

Objective

This work focuses on accurate high-speed, high-resolution AFM imaging of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) specimens in order to compute full-field strains with nanoscale spatial resolution.

Methods

The AFM cantilever dynamics were optimized for accurate high-speed imaging through independent control of the cantilever resonance frequency and spring constant, and by active Q-control. A miniature mechanical testing device was developed to fit inside a compact AFM, thereby enabling simultaneous mechanical loading and nanoscale imaging via a symmetric specimen stretching mechanism. Full-field in-plane strain fields from PDMS specimens subjected to finite deformations were extracted via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) from AFM images obtained during incremental specimen stretching.

Results

This experimental methodology successfully enables low error AFM imaging of PDMS at 100 Hz scan rate, signifying a 100-fold reduction in image acquisition time compared to previous studies using AFM to measure strain fields. The imaging repeatability, assessed with the aid of DIC, was accurate within 0.5% error in mean strain. Full-field strains derived from high-speed AFM images of PDMS specimens tested in situ under an AFM, agreed very well with macroscale optical measurements, including Poisson’s ratio calculations obtained up to the point of specimen failure.

Conclusion

The results of this study illustrate the feasibility of high-speed AFM as a quantitative tool for nanoscale full-field strain analysis, offering new opportunities for probing the large deformation mechanics of soft materials.

原子力显微镜（AFM）广泛用于高分辨率成像和探测纳米尺度下材料的接触力学和多物理场。然而，它在软质材料的定量、全场有限变形研究中的应用仍未得到探索。目的对聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）样品进行精确、高速、高分辨率的AFM成像，以计算具有纳米尺度空间分辨率的全场应变。方法通过独立控制悬臂梁谐振频率和弹簧常数，并采用主动q值控制，对AFM悬臂梁动力学进行优化，以实现高精度高速成像。开发了一种小型机械测试装置，可以安装在紧凑的AFM中，从而通过对称的试样拉伸机制实现机械加载和纳米级成像。采用数字图像相关（DIC）技术，从增量拉伸过程中获得的AFM图像中提取有限变形PDMS试样的全场面内应变场。该实验方法成功实现了在100 Hz扫描速率下对PDMS进行低误差AFM成像，与之前使用AFM测量应变场的研究相比，图像采集时间减少了100倍。在DIC辅助下评估的成像重复性在平均应变误差0.5%以内准确。在AFM下原位测试的PDMS样品的高速AFM图像得出的全场应变与宏观光学测量结果非常吻合，包括试样失效点之前的泊松比计算。结论本研究结果说明了高速原子力显微镜作为纳米尺度全场应变分析定量工具的可行性，为探索软质材料的大变形力学提供了新的机会。

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引用次数: 0

Reflections by Professor César Sciammarella Delivered at the SEM 2025 Banquet csamsar sciamarella教授在SEM 2025宴会上的讲话

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01251-5

H.D. Espinosa

引用次数: 0

DIC-Based Finite Element Model Validation: A Practical Case Study for In-Plane Loading of A Composite Laminate 基于dic的有限元模型验证：复合材料层合板面内载荷的实例研究

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01234-6

A. Peshave, F. Pierron, P. Lava, D. Moens, D. Vandepitte

Background

Digital image correlation (DIC) measured heterogeneous deformation fields promise enhanced validation of finite element (FE) models. In the existing literature, DIC-based FE model validation is commonly performed in a qualitative way based on visual appraisal of FE-DIC likeness of deformation fields. Moreover, DIC uncertainties are usually inadequately characterised.

Objective

This paper aims to take a step towards a quantitative approach by experimentally validating an enhanced DIC uncertainty quantification (UQ) procedure previously proposed by the authors.

Methods

Heterogeneous strain fields in a composite notched test sample were measured using DIC. DIC bias errors were accounted for through a numerical speckle deformation based digital twin (DT) of the DIC experiment. Heterogeneous DIC noise maps were used to formulate a fully-spatial model validation criterion. Careful test design choices were made to minimise the modelling errors originating from constitutive behaviour. Extensive investigation into the validity of the constitutive model was performed to justify the validation errors.

Results

The UQ approach, together with the application of DIC-measured boundary conditions in the FE model were found to be essential for proper validation. Decrease in the tangent modulus of the composite material caused by the accumulation of damage in the composite matrix was confirmed by cyclic tests. The FE constitutive model did not account for composite damage, resulting in validation errors consistent with these limitations.

Conclusions

The DIC-based FE model validation approach was proven to be effective when a specific protocol is followed.

数字图像相关（DIC）测量的非均匀变形场有望增强有限元（FE）模型的有效性。在现有文献中，基于dic的有限元模型验证通常是基于视觉评价变形场FE- dic相似性的定性方法。此外，DIC不确定性通常没有得到充分表征。本文旨在通过实验验证作者先前提出的增强型DIC不确定度量化（UQ）程序，向定量方法迈出一步。方法采用DIC法测量复合材料缺口试样的非均质应变场。通过基于散斑变形的DIC实验数字孪生（DT）计算了DIC偏置误差。异质DIC噪声图用于制定全空间模型验证标准。仔细的试验设计选择是为了尽量减少由本构行为产生的建模误差。对本构模型的有效性进行了广泛的调查，以证明验证错误。结果发现UQ方法以及在有限元模型中应用dic测量的边界条件对于正确验证是必不可少的。循环试验证实了复合材料的切模量下降是由于复合材料基体中损伤的累积引起的。有限元本构模型没有考虑复合材料损伤，导致验证误差与这些限制一致。结论当遵循特定的治疗方案时，基于dic的FE模型验证方法是有效的。

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引用次数: 0

Active Anti-Fogging in Transparent Media by Ultrasonic Excitation 超声激发透明介质主动防雾

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01215-9

D. Ruiz-Cadalso, A. Salerni, H. Zheng, J.O. Luiz, D. Ziegler, C. Furlong

Background

Fogging on optical components such as eyeglasses and safety goggles in humid environments can significantly degrade visibility and pose safety risks. While passive anti-fogging methods, such as hydrophobic surface coatings, are commonly used, they are prone to degradation and have limited durability.

Objective

This study investigates a multiphysics approach to actively defog optical surfaces, transparent in the visible wavelength range, using ultrasonic excitation to enhance anti-fogging performance.

Methods

An approach consisting of analytical, computational, and experimental methods is developed to validate the efficacy of ultrasound as an active anti-fogging mechanism. Analytical and computational models provide quantitative insights into the hydrodynamic interactions between micro-droplets and ultrasonic energy, and these are validated by tomographic measurements using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). A custom environmental chamber was constructed and instrumented with temperature and humidity control, as well as advanced imaging tools to monitor visibility, surface condensation, thermal behavior, and substrate dynamics using Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (SLDV).

Results

Experiments across a frequency range of 25 kHz to 1 MHz revealed that defogging rates varied significantly with excitation frequency and actuator configuration, with optimal performance observed at the resonant modes of the substrate. With a 122-kHz ultrasonic load, fog was reduced by over 90% within 5 min, and visibility through the fog improved by over 70%.

Conclusions

The results provide insights into defogging rates at various dynamic conditions, enabling the exploitation and enhancement of anti-fogging performance. Current work presents a promising solution for adaptable anti-fogging of transparent substrates that have important applications in industrial and practical situations.

背景在潮湿环境下，眼镜和护目镜等光学部件上的雾气会显著降低能见度，存在安全风险。虽然通常使用被动防雾方法，如疏水表面涂层，但它们容易降解并且耐久性有限。目的研究一种多物理场主动除雾的方法，利用超声激发增强可见光范围内透明光学表面的防雾性能。方法采用分析、计算和实验相结合的方法来验证超声作为一种主动防雾机制的有效性。分析和计算模型为微液滴与超声能量之间的流体动力学相互作用提供了定量的见解，并通过光学相干断层扫描（OCT）的层析测量进行了验证。定制的环境室配备了温度和湿度控制设备，以及先进的成像工具，使用扫描激光多普勒振动仪（SLDV）监测能见度、表面凝结、热行为和衬底动力学。结果在25 kHz至1 MHz的频率范围内进行的实验表明，除雾率随激励频率和致动器配置而显著变化，在衬底的谐振模式下表现最佳。在122 khz的超声波负载下，雾在5分钟内减少了90%以上，透过雾的能见度提高了70%以上。结论研究了不同动态条件下的防雾率，为开发和提高防雾性能提供了依据。目前的工作为透明基材的自适应防雾提供了一种很有前途的解决方案，在工业和实际应用中都有重要的应用。

{"title":"Active Anti-Fogging in Transparent Media by Ultrasonic Excitation","authors":"D. Ruiz-Cadalso, A. Salerni, H. Zheng, J.O. Luiz, D. Ziegler, C. Furlong","doi":"10.1007/s11340-025-01215-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-025-01215-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Fogging on optical components such as eyeglasses and safety goggles in humid environments can significantly degrade visibility and pose safety risks. While passive anti-fogging methods, such as hydrophobic surface coatings, are commonly used, they are prone to degradation and have limited durability.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study investigates a multiphysics approach to actively defog optical surfaces, transparent in the visible wavelength range, using ultrasonic excitation to enhance anti-fogging performance.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>An approach consisting of analytical, computational, and experimental methods is developed to validate the efficacy of ultrasound as an active anti-fogging mechanism. Analytical and computational models provide quantitative insights into the hydrodynamic interactions between micro-droplets and ultrasonic energy, and these are validated by tomographic measurements using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). A custom environmental chamber was constructed and instrumented with temperature and humidity control, as well as advanced imaging tools to monitor visibility, surface condensation, thermal behavior, and substrate dynamics using Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (SLDV).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Experiments across a frequency range of 25 kHz to 1 MHz revealed that defogging rates varied significantly with excitation frequency and actuator configuration, with optimal performance observed at the resonant modes of the substrate. With a 122-kHz ultrasonic load, fog was reduced by over 90% within 5 min, and visibility through the fog improved by over 70%.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results provide insights into defogging rates at various dynamic conditions, enabling the exploitation and enhancement of anti-fogging performance. Current work presents a promising solution for adaptable anti-fogging of transparent substrates that have important applications in industrial and practical situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"66 1","pages":"175 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Cover: Hinged Rigid Beam Fracture Specimen for Characterization of Lattice and Thin-Sheet Materials 封面：用于点阵和薄板材料表征的铰链刚性梁断裂试样

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Experimental Mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01244-4

引用次数: 0

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