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On the Cover: Design and Validation of a Symmetric Drop Weight System for Tensile Intermediate Strain Rate Characterization 封面:用于拉伸中间应变率表征的对称落重系统的设计与验证
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-026-01264-8
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引用次数: 0
Celebrating Prof. Cesar Sciammarella’s 100th Anniversary and Contributions 庆祝塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授诞辰100周年及其贡献
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01263-1
C. Furlong, H. Espinosa, K.-S. Kim, G. A. Shaw, M. Sutton
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引用次数: 0
In-Situ Internal Deformation Measurement of an IDOX Particulate Estane Binder Composite via Backward Digital Volume Correlation 基于反向数字体积相关的IDOX颗粒Estane粘结剂复合材料原位内部变形测量
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01253-3
E. Mehrdad, P. B. Javadzadeh, Y. Ren, N. Peterson, A. Clarke, R. Regueiro, A. K. Arzoumanidis, B. K. Bay, H. Lu

Background

Digital volume correlation (DVC) of in-situ X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) images provides a powerful means to quantify internal deformation and damage characteristics of particulate composite materials under mechanical loading. However, accurately tracking structural evolution becomes more challenging when the material undergoes large deformations accompanied by crack formation and growth.

Objective

This study aims to improve the accuracy and robustness of DVC analysis in heavily damaged particulate composites by implementing a backward incremental DVC approach.

Methods

The internal response of a mock plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) composite was examined. The composite was fabricated by embedding IDOX crystals, 75–150 (mu )m in size, within a polyurethane-based binder, Estane. A cylindrical specimen was subjected to unconfined compression, during which sequential µCT scans were acquired. In the backward DVC approach, correlations are performed in reverse, from the most deformed state back to the undeformed configuration through intermediate steps, using the conventional DVC framework. This method enhances displacement tracking fidelity in regions with severe cracking and interfacial failure.

Results

The backward incremental DVC approach provides improved resolution of displacement and deformation fields near crack-affected regions compared with conventional DVC methods. It enables detailed observation of interface delamination between grains and binder associated with crack initiation and coalescence.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that the backward incremental DVC technique effectively characterizes complex deformation mechanisms in damaged particulate composites and provides valuable experimental data for validating high-fidelity numerical simulations that resolve grain-scale interactions.

原位x射线微计算机断层扫描(µCT)图像的数字体积相关(DVC)为量化颗粒复合材料在机械载荷下的内部变形和损伤特征提供了强有力的手段。然而,当材料发生大变形并伴随裂纹的形成和扩展时,精确跟踪结构演变变得更具挑战性。目的采用后向增量DVC方法,提高重损伤颗粒复合材料DVC分析的准确性和鲁棒性。方法对模拟塑料粘结炸药(PBX)复合材料进行内部响应试验。该复合材料是通过将尺寸为75-150 (mu ) m的IDOX晶体嵌入聚氨酯基粘合剂Estane中制备的。圆柱形试样受到无侧限压缩,在此期间获得连续的微CT扫描。在反向DVC方法中,使用传统的DVC框架,反向执行相关性,通过中间步骤从最变形的状态返回到未变形的配置。该方法提高了严重裂缝和界面破坏区域的位移跟踪保真度。结果与传统的DVC方法相比,后向增量DVC方法可以提高裂缝影响区附近位移场和变形场的分辨率。它可以详细观察与裂纹萌生和合并相关的晶粒和粘结剂之间的界面分层。结论后向增量DVC技术可有效表征损伤颗粒复合材料的复杂变形机制,为验证高保真度的颗粒级相互作用数值模拟提供了有价值的实验数据。
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引用次数: 0
On the Cover: Celebrating Prof. Cesar Sciammarella’s 100th Anniversary and Contributions 封面:庆祝塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授诞辰100周年及其贡献
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01262-2
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引用次数: 0
Mesoscale Characterizations of Micro-Slip Friction between Rough Surfaces with ESPI 粗糙表面微滑移摩擦的ESPI中尺度表征
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01261-3
S. Xia, K.-S. Kim

Background

This work is dedicated to Professor Cesar Sciamarella for his contributions to Experimental Mechanics on his 100th birthday.

Objective

We introduce an experimental framework that enables characterization of micro-slip friction behavior in quasi-static rough surface contact.

Methods

We utilize high-resolution displacement-field measurements with electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and employ physically guided digital data processing, facilitated by equilibrium smoothing. This approach allows for the characterization of mesoscale interfacial contact and slip zones. Our verification experiments utilized an innovative end-loaded split (ELS) test apparatus to investigate microslip processes in PMMA contact interfaces.

Results

We observed an apparent interpenetration of contact surfaces that follows a power-law relationship between the normal contact stress and the apparent penetration depth. This apparent interpenetration is attributed to an interfacial roughness layer (IRL). Under combined normal and shear loading, we measured a slip precursor of about 3 microns—known as the Dieterich characteristic slip distance—before macroscopic slip.

Conclusions

This experimental framework broadly holds potential for a wide range of studies in contact mechanics and tribology, including interface adhesion, cold welding, and fretting wear. It may deepen our understanding of rough surface interactions.

本作品在塞萨尔·夏马雷拉教授100岁生日之际献给他对实验力学的贡献。目的介绍一种实验框架,可以表征准静态粗糙表面接触中的微滑移摩擦行为。方法利用电子散斑干涉法(ESPI)进行高分辨率位移场测量,并利用平衡平滑技术进行物理引导的数字数据处理。这种方法允许表征中尺度的界面接触和滑动带。我们的验证实验利用了一种创新的端载分裂(ELS)测试装置来研究PMMA接触界面中的微滑移过程。结果观察到接触面表面明显的相互渗透,并遵循法向接触应力与表观渗透深度的幂律关系。这种明显的相互渗透归因于界面粗糙度层(IRL)。在正常和剪切复合载荷下,我们在宏观滑移之前测量了约3微米的滑移前驱,称为Dieterich特征滑移距离。该实验框架在接触力学和摩擦学的广泛研究中具有广泛的潜力,包括界面粘附,冷焊和微动磨损。它可能加深我们对粗糙表面相互作用的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Reversible Tablet Sliding and Strain-Limited Deformation in Nacre: In-Situ Observations and Threshold Determination 珍珠质中可逆片剂滑动和应变极限变形:原位观察和阈值测定
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01252-4
A. Zhang, H. Price, Y. Chen, B. C. Prorok

Background

Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is renowned for its exceptional toughness and energy-dissipating capabilities, attributed to its hierarchical structure of overlapping aragonite tablets bonded by a compliant biopolymer matrix. While tablet sliding has long been proposed as a key toughening mechanism, the reversibility of such sliding under mechanical loading and its strain-dependent behavior remain poorly quantified.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the formation and recovery of dilation bands in nacre, regions where tablet assemblies slide and separate during deformation. The work seeks to determine the strain threshold for reversible deformation and provide new insights into how nacre’s energy dissipation mechanisms operate.

Methods

Nacre beams were prepared from Haliotis rufescens shells and subjected to both ex-situ and in-situ three-point bending tests, the latter within a scanning electron microscope (SEM). High-magnification imaging was employed to monitor tablet gap formation and closure at incremental deflection stages. Tablet gap widths and their propagation depth were quantified as a function of applied strain using image analysis techniques.

Results

Localized dilation bands that formed near the tensile surface under applied bending do so under plane stress conditions. This deformation mechanism redistributes the applied stress locally, effectively reducing stress concentrations and suppressing crack initiation. This work presents direct evidence of large-scale recovery of tablet sliding in nacre, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported before. Furthermore, a critical threshold strain of ~ 0.0062 was identified, beyond which residual tablet gaps remained after unloading, marking the onset of irreversible deformation.

Conclusions

The findings provide two key insights into nacre’s intrinsic mechanisms for mechanical energy dissipation and enhanced damage tolerance. They offer new understanding and design benchmarks for the development of engineered composites aiming to replicate nacre’s exceptional combination of toughness and recoverability.

珍珠,或珍珠母贝,因其特殊的韧性和能量耗散能力而闻名,这要归功于它的层次化结构,层次化的文石片由柔顺的生物聚合物基质结合而成。虽然片剂滑动长期以来一直被认为是一种关键的增韧机制,但这种滑动在机械载荷下的可逆性及其应变依赖行为仍然缺乏量化。目的研究珍珠层中膨胀带的形成和恢复,以及片剂在变形过程中发生滑动和分离的部位。这项工作旨在确定可逆变形的应变阈值,并为珍珠质能量耗散机制的运作提供新的见解。方法以海参壳为材料制备海参梁,对其进行原位和非原位三点弯曲试验,并在扫描电镜下进行原位三点弯曲试验。高倍成像用于监测片剂间隙形成和关闭的增量偏转阶段。利用图像分析技术将片剂间隙宽度及其传播深度量化为外加应变的函数。结果在施加弯曲作用下,在拉伸表面附近形成的局部膨胀带在平面应力条件下形成。这种变形机制使外加应力在局部重新分布,有效降低应力集中,抑制裂纹萌生。这项工作提供了在珍珠层中大规模恢复片剂滑动的直接证据,据我们所知,这在以前没有报道过。此外,我们还确定了一个临界阈值应变~ 0.0062,超过该阈值,卸载后仍有残余片剂间隙,标志着不可逆变形的开始。结论本研究结果为真珠质耗散机械能量和增强损伤容忍度的内在机制提供了两个关键的见解。它们为工程复合材料的开发提供了新的理解和设计基准,旨在复制珍珠层的韧性和可恢复性的卓越组合。
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引用次数: 0
High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy for In-Situ Full-Field Measurement of Large Deformations 高速原子力显微镜用于原位大变形的全场测量
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01250-6
S. Lee, D. Das, I. Chasiotis

Background

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is widely used for high-resolution imaging and for probing the contact mechanics and multiphysics of materials at the nanoscale. However, its application to quantitative, full-field finite deformation studies of soft materials remains unexplored.

Objective

This work focuses on accurate high-speed, high-resolution AFM imaging of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) specimens in order to compute full-field strains with nanoscale spatial resolution.

Methods

The AFM cantilever dynamics were optimized for accurate high-speed imaging through independent control of the cantilever resonance frequency and spring constant, and by active Q-control. A miniature mechanical testing device was developed to fit inside a compact AFM, thereby enabling simultaneous mechanical loading and nanoscale imaging via a symmetric specimen stretching mechanism. Full-field in-plane strain fields from PDMS specimens subjected to finite deformations were extracted via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) from AFM images obtained during incremental specimen stretching.

Results

This experimental methodology successfully enables low error AFM imaging of PDMS at 100 Hz scan rate, signifying a 100-fold reduction in image acquisition time compared to previous studies using AFM to measure strain fields. The imaging repeatability, assessed with the aid of DIC, was accurate within 0.5% error in mean strain. Full-field strains derived from high-speed AFM images of PDMS specimens tested in situ under an AFM, agreed very well with macroscale optical measurements, including Poisson’s ratio calculations obtained up to the point of specimen failure.

Conclusion

The results of this study illustrate the feasibility of high-speed AFM as a quantitative tool for nanoscale full-field strain analysis, offering new opportunities for probing the large deformation mechanics of soft materials.

原子力显微镜(AFM)广泛用于高分辨率成像和探测纳米尺度下材料的接触力学和多物理场。然而,它在软质材料的定量、全场有限变形研究中的应用仍未得到探索。目的对聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)样品进行精确、高速、高分辨率的AFM成像,以计算具有纳米尺度空间分辨率的全场应变。方法通过独立控制悬臂梁谐振频率和弹簧常数,并采用主动q值控制,对AFM悬臂梁动力学进行优化,以实现高精度高速成像。开发了一种小型机械测试装置,可以安装在紧凑的AFM中,从而通过对称的试样拉伸机制实现机械加载和纳米级成像。采用数字图像相关(DIC)技术,从增量拉伸过程中获得的AFM图像中提取有限变形PDMS试样的全场面内应变场。该实验方法成功实现了在100 Hz扫描速率下对PDMS进行低误差AFM成像,与之前使用AFM测量应变场的研究相比,图像采集时间减少了100倍。在DIC辅助下评估的成像重复性在平均应变误差0.5%以内准确。在AFM下原位测试的PDMS样品的高速AFM图像得出的全场应变与宏观光学测量结果非常吻合,包括试样失效点之前的泊松比计算。结论本研究结果说明了高速原子力显微镜作为纳米尺度全场应变分析定量工具的可行性,为探索软质材料的大变形力学提供了新的机会。
{"title":"High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy for In-Situ Full-Field Measurement of Large Deformations","authors":"S. Lee,&nbsp;D. Das,&nbsp;I. Chasiotis","doi":"10.1007/s11340-025-01250-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-025-01250-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is widely used for high-resolution imaging and for probing the contact mechanics and multiphysics of materials at the nanoscale. However, its application to quantitative, full-field finite deformation studies of soft materials remains unexplored.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This work focuses on accurate high-speed, high-resolution AFM imaging of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) specimens in order to compute full-field strains with nanoscale spatial resolution.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The AFM cantilever dynamics were optimized for accurate high-speed imaging through independent control of the cantilever resonance frequency and spring constant, and by active Q-control. A miniature mechanical testing device was developed to fit inside a compact AFM, thereby enabling simultaneous mechanical loading and nanoscale imaging via a symmetric specimen stretching mechanism. Full-field in-plane strain fields from PDMS specimens subjected to finite deformations were extracted via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) from AFM images obtained during incremental specimen stretching.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>This experimental methodology successfully enables low error AFM imaging of PDMS at 100 Hz scan rate, signifying a 100-fold reduction in image acquisition time compared to previous studies using AFM to measure strain fields. The imaging repeatability, assessed with the aid of DIC, was accurate within 0.5% error in mean strain. Full-field strains derived from high-speed AFM images of PDMS specimens tested <i>in situ</i> under an AFM, agreed very well with macroscale optical measurements, including Poisson’s ratio calculations obtained up to the point of specimen failure.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results of this study illustrate the feasibility of high-speed AFM as a quantitative tool for nanoscale full-field strain analysis, offering new opportunities for probing the large deformation mechanics of soft materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"66 1","pages":"137 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-025-01250-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive Subset-Subdivision for Automatic Digital Image Correlation Calculation on Discontinuous Shape and Deformation 基于非连续形状和变形的数字图像自动相关计算自适应子集细分
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01243-5
J. Zhao, B. Pan

Background

Subset-based image/stereo matching has been widely used in digital image correlation (DIC) for surface shape and deformation measurement. However, because of the inherent inability of regular shape functions to model discontinuous deformation, this standard DIC algorithm cannot provide accurate measurements or even fails around discontinuities, including discontinuous geometries (e.g., boundaries, complex geometries) and discontinuous deformations (e.g., cracks, shear bands).

Objective

To address this challenge, an easy-to-implement yet practical adaptive subset-subdivision approach is proposed to realize accurate DIC measurement on discontinuous shape and deformation.

Methods

The method first performs regular DIC calculations and identifies calculation points around discontinuities based on a predefined correlation coefficient threshold. With the assumption that a small part of the subsets near discontinuities can be depicted by regular shape functions, these discontinuity points can be recalculated through an adaptive subset-subdivision strategy. The proposed method eliminates the need to accurately define the discontinuity line, enabling full-automatic, efficient and accurate shape and deformation measurement across geometry and deformation discontinuities.

Results

Experimental results on both simulated and real-world datasets, including crack propagation, structural deformation, and complex shape reconstruction, demonstrated the efficacy and practicality of the proposed adaptive subset subdivision-based DIC approach.

Conclusion

The proposed adaptive subset-subdivision strategy offers an easy-to-implement extension of standard DIC to accurately measure discontinuous shape and deformation, and can be implemented as an upgrade within existing DIC frameworks.

基于子集的图像/立体匹配已广泛应用于数字图像相关(DIC)的表面形状和变形测量。然而,由于规则形状函数固有的不能模拟不连续变形,这种标准DIC算法不能提供精确的测量,甚至在不连续的周围失败,包括不连续的几何形状(如边界、复杂几何形状)和不连续的变形(如裂缝、剪切带)。目的针对这一挑战,提出一种易于实现且实用的自适应子集细分方法,实现对非连续形状和变形的DIC精确测量。方法该方法首先进行常规DIC计算,并根据预定义的相关系数阈值识别不连续点周围的计算点。假设不连续点附近的一小部分子集可以用正则形状函数来描述,通过自适应子集细分策略可以重新计算这些不连续点。该方法消除了精确定义不连续线的需要,实现了跨越几何和变形不连续面的全自动、高效、准确的形状和变形测量。结果在模拟和真实数据集上的实验结果,包括裂纹扩展、结构变形和复杂形状重建,证明了所提出的基于自适应子集细分的DIC方法的有效性和实用性。结论提出的自适应子集细分策略是标准DIC的一种易于实现的扩展,可以精确测量不连续形状和变形,并且可以作为现有DIC框架的升级实现。
{"title":"Adaptive Subset-Subdivision for Automatic Digital Image Correlation Calculation on Discontinuous Shape and Deformation","authors":"J. Zhao,&nbsp;B. Pan","doi":"10.1007/s11340-025-01243-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-025-01243-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Subset-based image/stereo matching has been widely used in digital image correlation (DIC) for surface shape and deformation measurement. However, because of the inherent inability of regular shape functions to model discontinuous deformation, this standard DIC algorithm cannot provide accurate measurements or even fails around discontinuities, including discontinuous geometries (e.g., boundaries, complex geometries) and discontinuous deformations (e.g., cracks, shear bands).</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>To address this challenge, an easy-to-implement yet practical adaptive subset-subdivision approach is proposed to realize accurate DIC measurement on discontinuous shape and deformation.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The method first performs regular DIC calculations and identifies calculation points around discontinuities based on a predefined correlation coefficient threshold. With the assumption that a small part of the subsets near discontinuities can be depicted by regular shape functions, these discontinuity points can be recalculated through an adaptive subset-subdivision strategy. The proposed method eliminates the need to accurately define the discontinuity line, enabling full-automatic, efficient and accurate shape and deformation measurement across geometry and deformation discontinuities.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Experimental results on both simulated and real-world datasets, including crack propagation, structural deformation, and complex shape reconstruction, demonstrated the efficacy and practicality of the proposed adaptive subset subdivision-based DIC approach.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The proposed adaptive subset-subdivision strategy offers an easy-to-implement extension of standard DIC to accurately measure discontinuous shape and deformation, and can be implemented as an upgrade within existing DIC frameworks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"66 2","pages":"417 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accurate Measurement of the Curing Stress Evolution During Photo-Curing, Thermal-Curing, and Photo-Thermal-Coupled Curing Processes 光固化、热固化和光-热耦合固化过程中固化应力演化的精确测量
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01254-2
X. K. Xue, L. Bao, K. Wang, Z. Z. Wang

Background

Photo-curing, thermal-curing, and photo-thermal-coupled curing have been widely used in various engineering fields. However, the service quality and life of these cured polymer materials are dramatically impaired by the curing stress evolved during the curing processes in practice. Existing measurement methods face limitations such as lack of dynamic monitoring, complex procedures, and applicability to only a single curing process.

Objective

This study aims to develop a new instrument for measuring the curing stress evolution and controlling curing conditions during photo-, thermal-, and photo-thermal-curing, while also validating the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, the stress development under different conditions was investigated, with mechanisms systematically elucidated.

Method

A cantilever beam-based setup was integrated with a temperature control system to enable real-time stress monitoring under various curing processes. The curing stress evolved during the various curing processes was measured under different working conditions (instrumental stiffness and sample thickness).

Results

Based on the newly-developed instrument, the stress evolution under various curing processes can be accurately captured. The stress magnitude increased with both instrumental stiffness and sample thickness. The photo-curing stress was primarily dominated by the polymerization shrinkage. The thermal-curing stress was driven by a combination of the thermal expansion/shrinkage and the polymerization shrinkage. Photo-thermal stress resulted from the interaction between the photo-curing and thermal-curing mechanisms.

Conclusions

This study presents a unified instrument for the curing stress measurement during various curing processes and provides insights into the mechanisms of the stress development, offering valuable guidance for improving polymer curing and material performance.

光固化、热固化和光热耦合固化已广泛应用于各个工程领域。然而,在实际应用中,固化过程中产生的固化应力严重影响了聚合物材料的使用质量和寿命。现有的测量方法面临着诸如缺乏动态监测、程序复杂、仅适用于单一固化过程等限制。目的研制一种新型的光固化、热固化和光热固化过程中固化应力演化和固化条件控制的测量仪器,并验证其测量精度。据此,对不同条件下的应力发展进行了研究,系统地阐明了其机理。方法将悬臂梁装置与温度控制系统相结合,实现不同固化过程下的应力实时监测。在不同的工作条件下(仪器刚度和试样厚度),测量了不同固化过程中的固化应力变化。结果该仪器能够准确地捕捉到不同固化过程下的应力演化。应力值随仪器刚度和样品厚度的增加而增加。光固化应力主要由聚合收缩控制。热固化应力是由热膨胀/收缩和聚合收缩共同驱动的。光热应力是光固化和热固化机制相互作用的结果。结论本研究为不同固化过程中固化应力的测量提供了一种统一的仪器,为进一步了解应力的发展机制提供了依据,为改善聚合物的固化和材料的性能提供了有价值的指导。
{"title":"Accurate Measurement of the Curing Stress Evolution During Photo-Curing, Thermal-Curing, and Photo-Thermal-Coupled Curing Processes","authors":"X. K. Xue,&nbsp;L. Bao,&nbsp;K. Wang,&nbsp;Z. Z. Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-025-01254-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-025-01254-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Photo-curing, thermal-curing, and photo-thermal-coupled curing have been widely used in various engineering fields. However, the service quality and life of these cured polymer materials are dramatically impaired by the curing stress evolved during the curing processes in practice. Existing measurement methods face limitations such as lack of dynamic monitoring, complex procedures, and applicability to only a single curing process.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aims to develop a new instrument for measuring the curing stress evolution and controlling curing conditions during photo-, thermal-, and photo-thermal-curing, while also validating the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, the stress development under different conditions was investigated, with mechanisms systematically elucidated.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>A cantilever beam-based setup was integrated with a temperature control system to enable real-time stress monitoring under various curing processes. The curing stress evolved during the various curing processes was measured under different working conditions (instrumental stiffness and sample thickness).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Based on the newly-developed instrument, the stress evolution under various curing processes can be accurately captured. The stress magnitude increased with both instrumental stiffness and sample thickness. The photo-curing stress was primarily dominated by the polymerization shrinkage. The thermal-curing stress was driven by a combination of the thermal expansion/shrinkage and the polymerization shrinkage. Photo-thermal stress resulted from the interaction between the photo-curing and thermal-curing mechanisms.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study presents a unified instrument for the curing stress measurement during various curing processes and provides insights into the mechanisms of the stress development, offering valuable guidance for improving polymer curing and material performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"66 2","pages":"433 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reflections by Professor César Sciammarella Delivered at the SEM 2025 Banquet csamsar sciamarella教授在SEM 2025宴会上的讲话
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-025-01251-5
H.D. Espinosa
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Experimental Mechanics
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