On Cemetery Hill: The legacy of burials at Clemson University, a public university in the southern USA

IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeological Prospection Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI:10.1002/arp.1916
Keith C. Seramur, Kyle B. Campbell, Joseph B. Anderson, Ellen A. Cowan
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Abstract

Abstract Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map anomalies characteristic of unmarked graves on the grounds of the modern Woodland Cemetery on the campus of Clemson University. Hundreds of these anomalies are believed to represent newly discovered unmarked graves belonging to African Americans including enslaved people, convicted laborers, sharecroppers, domestic workers, tenant farmers and wage workers, who contributed to the wealth of the Fort Hill Plantation or to building and maintaining the university. These burials appear to be in an organized arrangement indicating the presence of a burial ground where the graves would have been marked at the time of internment. Analyses of reflections from the bottom of the grave shaft detected horizontal bases as well as possible chambered and vaulted burials, a common vernacular burial type among African Americans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A fewer number of graves showed hyperbolic reflections that can be produced by graves that contain coffins or a large artefact. This may indicate burial practices that changed over time or the status of the interred individual. The estimated length of the grave shaft in GPR grid data suggests that small adults or adolescents made up most of the burials (58%), then adults (28%) and infants and children (13%). In 1924, Woodland Cemetery was developed on Cemetery Hill, which had its first recorded burial in 1837. Plots were then gifted to prominent University leaders, faculty, staff and their families. The unmarked burials were found juxtaposed among these modern graves requiring modification of the current protocol for the operating cemetery to preserve the sacred space and to prevent destruction of these burials. This work affirms ongoing efforts by this public university to address its origins from a plantation and segregation in the American South.
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在公墓山上:克莱姆森大学,美国南部的一所公立大学的葬礼遗产
摘要:利用探地雷达(GPR)对克莱姆森大学现代林地公墓内未标记墓地的异常特征进行了测绘。数百个这样的异常被认为代表了新发现的非裔美国人的未标记坟墓,包括被奴役的人,被定罪的劳工,佃农,家庭工人,佃农和领工资的工人,他们为希尔堡种植园的财富做出了贡献,也为建立和维护大学做出了贡献。这些埋葬似乎是有组织的,这表明存在一个墓地,坟墓在被拘留时应该是有标记的。通过对墓穴底部的反射进行分析,发现了水平底座,以及可能的内室和拱形墓葬,这是19世纪和20世纪初非洲裔美国人常见的土葬类型。少数坟墓显示出双曲反射,这可能是由含有棺材或大型人工制品的坟墓产生的。这可能表明埋葬习俗随着时间的推移而改变,或者被埋葬的人的地位发生了变化。根据探地雷达网格数据估算的墓穴长度表明,矮小的成年人或青少年占大多数(58%),其次是成年人(28%)和婴儿和儿童(13%)。1924年,在公墓山上建立了林地公墓,1837年第一次有记录的葬礼。然后,这些地块被赠予了著名的大学领导、教职员工和他们的家人。没有标记的墓葬被发现与这些现代坟墓并列,需要修改现行的墓园操作协议,以保护神圣的空间,并防止这些墓葬被破坏。这项工作肯定了这所公立大学正在进行的努力,以解决其起源于美国南部的种植园和种族隔离问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Archaeological Prospection
Archaeological Prospection 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
31
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The scope of the Journal will be international, covering urban, rural and marine environments and the full range of underlying geology. The Journal will contain articles relating to the use of a wide range of propecting techniques, including remote sensing (airborne and satellite), geophysical (e.g. resistivity, magnetometry) and geochemical (e.g. organic markers, soil phosphate). Reports and field evaluations of new techniques will be welcomed. Contributions will be encouraged on the application of relevant software, including G.I.S. analysis, to the data derived from prospection techniques and cartographic analysis of early maps. Reports on integrated site evaluations and follow-up site investigations will be particularly encouraged. The Journal will welcome contributions, in the form of short (field) reports, on the application of prospection techniques in support of comprehensive land-use studies. The Journal will, as appropriate, contain book reviews, conference and meeting reviews, and software evaluation. All papers will be subjected to peer review.
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