In this editorial, we introduce the Special Issue, ‘Considering Present-Day Communities in Archaeological Remote Sensing of Burial Spaces’. What does it mean to consider present-day communities when we do geophysical surveys in burial spaces? This is the conversation we hoped to spark through this Special Issue, and the authors who contributed manuscripts to this Special Issue rose to this challenge. Within this Special Issue, readers will find thoughtful and thought-provoking insights into many aspects of this work. While many of the authors present technical information on methods, approaches, and analyses of data from specific cemeteries, it is their engagement with these higher-level questions that AP readers who engage in this type of work are likely to find most stimulating.
{"title":"Considering Present-Day Communities in Archaeological Remote Sensing of Burial Spaces: Introduction to Special Issue","authors":"Jennie O. Sturm, Jason T. Herrmann","doi":"10.1002/arp.1948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1948","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this editorial, we introduce the Special Issue, ‘Considering Present-Day Communities in Archaeological Remote Sensing of Burial Spaces’. What does it mean to consider present-day communities when we do geophysical surveys in burial spaces? This is the conversation we hoped to spark through this Special Issue, and the authors who contributed manuscripts to this Special Issue rose to this challenge. Within this Special Issue, readers will find thoughtful and thought-provoking insights into many aspects of this work. While many of the authors present technical information on methods, approaches, and analyses of data from specific cemeteries, it is their engagement with these higher-level questions that AP readers who engage in this type of work are likely to find most stimulating.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"31 4","pages":"293-297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Canedo, João Fonte, Rita Dias, Tiago do Pereiro, Luís Gonçalves‐Seco, Marta Vázquez, Petia Georgieva, António J. R. Neves
Recent advancements in remote sensing and artificial intelligence can potentially revolutionize the automated detection of archaeological sites. However, the challenging task of interpreting remote sensing imagery combined with the intricate shapes of archaeological sites can hinder the performance of computer vision systems. This work presents a computer vision system trained for efficient hillfort detection in remote sensing imagery. Equipped with an adapted multimodal semantic segmentation model, the system integrates LiDAR‐derived LRM images and aerial orthoimages for feature fusion, generating a binary mask pinpointing detected hillforts. Post‐processing includes margin and area filters to remove edge inferences and smaller anomalies. The resulting inferences are subjected to hard positive and negative mining, where expert archaeologists classify them to populate the training data with new samples for retraining the segmentation model. As the computer vision system is far more likely to encounter background images during its search, the training data are intentionally biased towards negative examples. This approach aims to reduce the number of false positives, typically seen when applying machine learning solutions to remote sensing imagery. Northwest Iberia experiments witnessed a drastic reduction in false positives, from 5678 to 40 after a single hard positive and negative mining iteration, yielding a 99.3% reduction, with a resulting F1 score of 66%. In England experiments, the system achieved a 59% F1 score when fine‐tuned and deployed countrywide. Its scalability to diverse archaeological sites is demonstrated by successfully detecting hillforts and other types of enclosures despite their typical complex and varied shapes. Future work will explore archaeological predictive modelling to identify regions with higher archaeological potential to focus the search, addressing processing time challenges.
{"title":"Automated Detection of Hillforts in Remote Sensing Imagery With Deep Multimodal Segmentation","authors":"Daniel Canedo, João Fonte, Rita Dias, Tiago do Pereiro, Luís Gonçalves‐Seco, Marta Vázquez, Petia Georgieva, António J. R. Neves","doi":"10.1002/arp.1958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1958","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in remote sensing and artificial intelligence can potentially revolutionize the automated detection of archaeological sites. However, the challenging task of interpreting remote sensing imagery combined with the intricate shapes of archaeological sites can hinder the performance of computer vision systems. This work presents a computer vision system trained for efficient hillfort detection in remote sensing imagery. Equipped with an adapted multimodal semantic segmentation model, the system integrates LiDAR‐derived LRM images and aerial orthoimages for feature fusion, generating a binary mask pinpointing detected hillforts. Post‐processing includes margin and area filters to remove edge inferences and smaller anomalies. The resulting inferences are subjected to hard positive and negative mining, where expert archaeologists classify them to populate the training data with new samples for retraining the segmentation model. As the computer vision system is far more likely to encounter background images during its search, the training data are intentionally biased towards negative examples. This approach aims to reduce the number of false positives, typically seen when applying machine learning solutions to remote sensing imagery. Northwest Iberia experiments witnessed a drastic reduction in false positives, from 5678 to 40 after a single hard positive and negative mining iteration, yielding a 99.3% reduction, with a resulting F<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> score of 66%. In England experiments, the system achieved a 59% F<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> score when fine‐tuned and deployed countrywide. Its scalability to diverse archaeological sites is demonstrated by successfully detecting hillforts and other types of enclosures despite their typical complex and varied shapes. Future work will explore archaeological predictive modelling to identify regions with higher archaeological potential to focus the search, addressing processing time challenges.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyrille Fauchard, Laure Aillaud, Astrid Legrand, Vincent Guilbert, Cyril Ledun, Bruno Beaucamp, Raphael Antoine
This study presents the results of aerial and geophysical measurements carried out on the Notre‐Dame‐du‐Val chapel in Sotteville‐sur‐Mer (Normandy, France), a former leprosarium dating from the 15th century; the chapel is now deconsecrated and has been showing signs of ageing in recent years. Restoration work is planned, and geophysical investigations of the area around the chapel have been commissioned. In this article, we propose a robust methodology combining aerial and terrestrial measurements in the visible range with surface prospecting methods. Compiling all the measurements within a perfectly georeferenced 3D model allows the joint analysis of the results of different physical measurement methods to provide unexpected architectural and archaeological information. Photos were taken from the ground and using a drone to build photogrammetric models of the interior and exterior of the chapel. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were the two survey methods deployed in the area surrounding the chapel. The geophysical measurements clearly reveal traces of apses—which have now disappeared—at the crossing of what would have been the building's transept, which match up with the filled‐in openings that are present. The existence of these apses can only be assumed from inside the chapel. The resistivity anomalies are perfectly correlated with the radar anomalies and allow new hypotheses to be formulated about the original structure of the chapel. Finally, mapping the local geology of the surroundings based on a geophysical survey provides crucial information about the history of the church's construction. Bringing this unknown architectural element to light and carrying out precise mapping of the local geology surrounding the chapel constitute a major breakthrough, as this will make it possible to improve our knowledge of the history of the chapel, in particular its origins, through research based on archaeological surveys.
{"title":"Combining Photogrammetry and Subsurface Geophysics to Improve Historical Knowledge of Romanesque Churches in Normandy, France: Case Study of the Notre‐Dame‐du‐Val Chapel","authors":"Cyrille Fauchard, Laure Aillaud, Astrid Legrand, Vincent Guilbert, Cyril Ledun, Bruno Beaucamp, Raphael Antoine","doi":"10.1002/arp.1957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1957","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the results of aerial and geophysical measurements carried out on the Notre‐Dame‐du‐Val chapel in Sotteville‐sur‐Mer (Normandy, France), a former leprosarium dating from the 15th century; the chapel is now deconsecrated and has been showing signs of ageing in recent years. Restoration work is planned, and geophysical investigations of the area around the chapel have been commissioned. In this article, we propose a robust methodology combining aerial and terrestrial measurements in the visible range with surface prospecting methods. Compiling all the measurements within a perfectly georeferenced 3D model allows the joint analysis of the results of different physical measurement methods to provide unexpected architectural and archaeological information. Photos were taken from the ground and using a drone to build photogrammetric models of the interior and exterior of the chapel. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were the two survey methods deployed in the area surrounding the chapel. The geophysical measurements clearly reveal traces of apses—which have now disappeared—at the crossing of what would have been the building's transept, which match up with the filled‐in openings that are present. The existence of these apses can only be assumed from inside the chapel. The resistivity anomalies are perfectly correlated with the radar anomalies and allow new hypotheses to be formulated about the original structure of the chapel. Finally, mapping the local geology of the surroundings based on a geophysical survey provides crucial information about the history of the church's construction. Bringing this unknown architectural element to light and carrying out precise mapping of the local geology surrounding the chapel constitute a major breakthrough, as this will make it possible to improve our knowledge of the history of the chapel, in particular its origins, through research based on archaeological surveys.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dario Calderone, Nicola Lercari, Davide Tanasi, Dennis Busch, Ryan Hom, Rosa Lanteri
Airborne laser scanning (ALS), commonly known as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), is a remote sensing technique that enables transformative archaeological research by providing high‐density 3D representations of landscapes and sites covered by vegetation whose analysis reveals hidden features and structures. ALS can detect targets under trees and grasslands, making it an ideal archaeological survey and mapping tool. ALS instruments are usually mounted on piloted aircraft. However, since the mid‐2010s, smaller laser scanners can be mounted on uncrewed aerial vehicles or drones. In this article, we examined the viability of drone‐based ALS for archaeological applications by utilizing a RIEGL VUX‐UAV22 sensor to capture point clouds with high spatial resolution at the archaeological site of Heloros in Southeastern Sicily, founded by the Greeks in the late eighth century bce. Using this laser scanner, we surveyed over 1.6 km2 of the archaeological landscape, producing datasets that outperformed noncommercial airborne ALS data for the region made available by the Italian government. We produced derivative imagery free of vegetation, which we visualized in GIS using a modified Local Relief Model technique to aid our archaeological analyses. Our findings demonstrate that drone‐based ALS can penetrate the dense Mediterranean canopy of coastal Sicily with sufficient point density to enable more efficient mapping of underlying archaeological features such as stone quarries, cart tracks, defensive towers and fortification walls. Our study proved that drone‐based ALS sensors can be easily transported to remote locations and that in‐house lab staff can safely operate them, which enables multiple on‐demand surveys and opportunistic collections to be conducted on the fly when environmental conditions are ideal. We conclude that these capabilities further increase the benefits of utilizing ALS for surveying the archaeological landscape under the Mediterranean canopy.
机载激光扫描（ALS）通常称为光探测和测距（LiDAR），是一种遥感技术，可提供植被覆盖的地貌和遗址的高密度三维图像，通过分析揭示隐藏的特征和结构，从而实现变革性的考古研究。ALS 可以探测树木和草地下的目标，是理想的考古调查和绘图工具。ALS 仪器通常安装在驾驶飞机上。不过，自 2010 年代中期以来，小型激光扫描仪可以安装在无人驾驶飞行器或无人机上。在本文中，我们利用 RIEGL VUX-UAV22 传感器在西西里岛东南部的希腊人于公元前八世纪晚期建立的赫洛罗斯考古遗址捕捉高空间分辨率的点云，考察了基于无人机的 ALS 在考古应用中的可行性。利用该激光扫描仪，我们勘测了超过 1.6 平方公里的考古地貌，生成的数据集优于意大利政府提供的该地区非商业性机载 ALS 数据。我们制作了没有植被的衍生图像，并在地理信息系统中使用改进的局部地形模型技术将其可视化，以帮助我们进行考古分析。我们的研究结果表明，基于无人机的 ALS 能够以足够的点密度穿透西西里岛沿海茂密的地中海树冠，从而能够更有效地绘制采石场、车道、防御塔和防御墙等考古地貌的底层地图。我们的研究证明，基于无人机的 ALS 传感器可以很容易地运输到偏远地区，内部实验室人员也可以安全地操作它们，这使得在环境条件理想时，可以按需进行多次勘测和随机采集。我们的结论是，这些功能进一步提高了利用 ALS 勘察地中海树冠下考古景观的效益。
{"title":"Tackling the Thorny Dilemma of Mapping Southeastern Sicily's Coastal Archaeology Beneath Dense Mediterranean Vegetation: A Drone‐Based LiDAR Approach","authors":"Dario Calderone, Nicola Lercari, Davide Tanasi, Dennis Busch, Ryan Hom, Rosa Lanteri","doi":"10.1002/arp.1956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1956","url":null,"abstract":"Airborne laser scanning (ALS), commonly known as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), is a remote sensing technique that enables transformative archaeological research by providing high‐density 3D representations of landscapes and sites covered by vegetation whose analysis reveals hidden features and structures. ALS can detect targets under trees and grasslands, making it an ideal archaeological survey and mapping tool. ALS instruments are usually mounted on piloted aircraft. However, since the mid‐2010s, smaller laser scanners can be mounted on uncrewed aerial vehicles or drones. In this article, we examined the viability of drone‐based ALS for archaeological applications by utilizing a RIEGL VUX‐UAV<jats:sup>22</jats:sup> sensor to capture point clouds with high spatial resolution at the archaeological site of Heloros in Southeastern Sicily, founded by the Greeks in the late eighth century <jats:sc>bce</jats:sc>. Using this laser scanner, we surveyed over 1.6 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> of the archaeological landscape, producing datasets that outperformed noncommercial airborne ALS data for the region made available by the Italian government. We produced derivative imagery free of vegetation, which we visualized in GIS using a modified Local Relief Model technique to aid our archaeological analyses. Our findings demonstrate that drone‐based ALS can penetrate the dense Mediterranean canopy of coastal Sicily with sufficient point density to enable more efficient mapping of underlying archaeological features such as stone quarries, cart tracks, defensive towers and fortification walls. Our study proved that drone‐based ALS sensors can be easily transported to remote locations and that in‐house lab staff can safely operate them, which enables multiple on‐demand surveys and opportunistic collections to be conducted on the fly when environmental conditions are ideal. We conclude that these capabilities further increase the benefits of utilizing ALS for surveying the archaeological landscape under the Mediterranean canopy.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of a pilot landscape‐scale seismic survey undertaken in Apalachee Bay, Florida, across a submerged landscape that contains dozens of Pre‐Contact sites. In addition to the goals of improving the geophysical and remote sensing ground model for this submerged landscape, the survey also sought to undertake the first independent scientific test of the contentious ‘HALD’ methodology, an acoustic resonance method that it is claimed to identify knapped lithic artefacts at and/or below the seabed through the identification of distinct ‘haystack’ responses. The results of this work indicate that the HALD method, as currently described, produces results that could not be scientifically replicated in this survey. We conclude that any HALD ‘haystack’ signal should therefore not be considered as an example of detection of human‐modified lithic material but rather as a geophysical anomaly that requires additional constraints before it can be used to reliably identify human‐modified lithic materials. Thus, although the authors note that laboratory studies have successfully produced an acoustic signal in human‐modified lithics, the field‐based methods remain yet to be reliably determined. In addition to these results, the landscape mapping survey also recorded valuable information on buried and previously unrecorded landscape features that have archaeological significance and that may guide future site prospection. We therefore conclude that despite the results of the HALD test, the well‐preserved submerged landscape of Apalachee Bay region provides a highly useful testing ground for methods that can be deployed elsewhere globally.
{"title":"A Needle in a Haystack: Landscape Survey and Archaeological Detection Experiments in Apalachee Bay","authors":"Simon Fitch, Jessica Cook Hale","doi":"10.1002/arp.1959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1959","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a pilot landscape‐scale seismic survey undertaken in Apalachee Bay, Florida, across a submerged landscape that contains dozens of Pre‐Contact sites. In addition to the goals of improving the geophysical and remote sensing ground model for this submerged landscape, the survey also sought to undertake the first independent scientific test of the contentious ‘HALD’ methodology, an acoustic resonance method that it is claimed to identify knapped lithic artefacts at and/or below the seabed through the identification of distinct ‘haystack’ responses. The results of this work indicate that the HALD method, as currently described, produces results that could not be scientifically replicated in this survey. We conclude that any HALD ‘haystack’ signal should therefore not be considered as an example of detection of human‐modified lithic material but rather as a geophysical anomaly that requires additional constraints before it can be used to reliably identify human‐modified lithic materials. Thus, although the authors note that laboratory studies have successfully produced an acoustic signal in human‐modified lithics, the field‐based methods remain yet to be reliably determined. In addition to these results, the landscape mapping survey also recorded valuable information on buried and previously unrecorded landscape features that have archaeological significance and that may guide future site prospection. We therefore conclude that despite the results of the HALD test, the well‐preserved submerged landscape of Apalachee Bay region provides a highly useful testing ground for methods that can be deployed elsewhere globally.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petra M. Creamer, Jonathan Alperstein, Michele Massa, James Osborne, Jesse Casana
The understanding of urban centres in the ancient Near East, one of the main regions for investigating the development of cities, has been transformed in recent years through investigations using archaeological geophysical prospection tools. This paper presents results of our recent magnetic gradiometry survey at the large urban site of Türkmen‐Karahöyük (Konya Plain, Turkey) conducted using a SENSYS Magneto MXPDA cart‐based system. Results of the survey have successfully identified and characterized numerous areas of ancient settlement, industrial activity and burials across the massive site, offering new insights into the history of occupation at Türkmen‐Karahöyük. Our findings are thereby helping to shape future investigations at the site and, more broadly, demonstrate the opportunities and challenges presented by cart‐based geophysical survey instruments for archaeological investigations of mounded urban sites with extensive lower towns.
{"title":"Magnetic Gradiometry Survey at the Urban Centre of Türkmen‐Karahöyük (Turkey)","authors":"Petra M. Creamer, Jonathan Alperstein, Michele Massa, James Osborne, Jesse Casana","doi":"10.1002/arp.1955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1955","url":null,"abstract":"The understanding of urban centres in the ancient Near East, one of the main regions for investigating the development of cities, has been transformed in recent years through investigations using archaeological geophysical prospection tools. This paper presents results of our recent magnetic gradiometry survey at the large urban site of Türkmen‐Karahöyük (Konya Plain, Turkey) conducted using a SENSYS Magneto MXPDA cart‐based system. Results of the survey have successfully identified and characterized numerous areas of ancient settlement, industrial activity and burials across the massive site, offering new insights into the history of occupation at Türkmen‐Karahöyük. Our findings are thereby helping to shape future investigations at the site and, more broadly, demonstrate the opportunities and challenges presented by cart‐based geophysical survey instruments for archaeological investigations of mounded urban sites with extensive lower towns.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Robinson, Stuart Black, Robert Fry, Helen Beddow, Robert Clark, Mike Fulford
This study builds on a preliminary investigation into the efficacy of gamma radiation surveying as a complementary tool for archaeological prospection. Improved surveying and data processing methods were implemented, including the use of a vehicle-mounted Groundhog surveying system, use of alternative software tools and examination of the impacts of individual radionuclides. The study focuses on a range of targets within Insulae VII, XXXV and XXXIII in Silchester Roman town, Hampshire. Targets of interest included a polygonal temple, a house, ditches (including an Iron Age defensive ditch) and several Roman roads. While the survey revealed no measurable differences in the gamma radionuclide content of less substantial structures (such as the temple and house) and the surrounding soil, it successfully delineated major structures. The Roman roads, Iron Age defensive ditch and potentially an indication of a historic field boundary not present in modern records were clearly visible in the generated visualisations. The roads and field boundary appear as distinct linear features of depleted radioactivity. The location of the Iron Age ditch correlates with an area of elevated radioactivity. Notably, the technique not only successfully identified archaeological features but was also able to indicate differences in the properties of similar targets such as variations in road thickness. Further, the gamma radiation data indicates variations in the local geology attributable to historic changes in land use and geochemical composition. This latest study corroborates the findings of the preliminary investigation, demonstrating replicability, scalability and ability to enhance output data quality. Further research, including sampling and non-destructive analysis of materials from the site, is needed to better explain observed results.
这项研究是在对伽马辐射测量作为考古勘探辅助工具的有效性进行初步调查的基础上进行的。研究采用了改进的勘测和数据处理方法，包括使用车载 Groundhog 勘测系统、替代软件工具以及对个别放射性核素影响的研究。这项研究的重点是汉普郡西尔切斯特罗马镇 Insulae VII、XXXV 和 XXXIII 内的一系列目标。感兴趣的目标包括一座多边形神庙、一座房屋、沟渠（包括一条铁器时代的防御沟）和几条罗马道路。虽然勘测结果显示，不太重要的建筑物（如神庙和房屋）与周围土壤的伽马放射性核素含量没有明显的差别，但却成功地划定了主要建筑物的范围。在生成的可视化图像中，罗马时期的道路、铁器时代的防御壕沟以及现代记录中可能没有的历史田地边界都清晰可见。道路和田地边界呈现出明显的线性特征，放射性耗尽。铁器时代壕沟的位置与高放射性区域相关。值得注意的是，该技术不仅能成功识别考古特征，还能显示类似目标的属性差异，如道路厚度的变化。此外，伽马辐射数据还显示了当地地质的变化，这些变化可归因于土地利用和地球化学成分的历史性变化。这项最新研究证实了初步调查的结果，证明了可复制性、可扩展性和提高输出数据质量的能力。为了更好地解释观察到的结果，需要开展进一步的研究，包括对现场材料进行取样和非破坏性分析。
{"title":"Radiating Encouragement: Further Investigation Into the Application of Gamma Ray Spectroscopy for Archaeological Prospection at the Roman Town of Silchester","authors":"Victoria Robinson, Stuart Black, Robert Fry, Helen Beddow, Robert Clark, Mike Fulford","doi":"10.1002/arp.1950","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arp.1950","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study builds on a preliminary investigation into the efficacy of gamma radiation surveying as a complementary tool for archaeological prospection. Improved surveying and data processing methods were implemented, including the use of a vehicle-mounted Groundhog surveying system, use of alternative software tools and examination of the impacts of individual radionuclides. The study focuses on a range of targets within <i>Insulae</i> VII, XXXV and XXXIII in Silchester Roman town, Hampshire. Targets of interest included a polygonal temple, a house, ditches (including an Iron Age defensive ditch) and several Roman roads. While the survey revealed no measurable differences in the gamma radionuclide content of less substantial structures (such as the temple and house) and the surrounding soil, it successfully delineated major structures. The Roman roads, Iron Age defensive ditch and potentially an indication of a historic field boundary not present in modern records were clearly visible in the generated visualisations. The roads and field boundary appear as distinct linear features of depleted radioactivity. The location of the Iron Age ditch correlates with an area of elevated radioactivity. Notably, the technique not only successfully identified archaeological features but was also able to indicate differences in the properties of similar targets such as variations in road thickness. Further, the gamma radiation data indicates variations in the local geology attributable to historic changes in land use and geochemical composition. This latest study corroborates the findings of the preliminary investigation, demonstrating replicability, scalability and ability to enhance output data quality. Further research, including sampling and non-destructive analysis of materials from the site, is needed to better explain observed results.</p>","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"31 3","pages":"249-266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arp.1950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duncan Williams, Dominique Bosquet, Tony Pollard, Kate Welham, Stuart Eve, Philippe De Smedt
Archaeological prospection is continually expanding into new frontiers, examining increasingly large areas, diverse environmental contexts and varying site types. One area that has received only limited focus is historic battlefields. This paper presents results from large-scale geophysical surveys (> 100 ha) at the Napoleonic battlefield of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium, using fluxgate magnetometry and frequency-domain electromagnetic induction. Despite its international historical significance, professional archaeological research at the battlefield is still in its infancy. We demonstrate how important insights can be gained by using geophysical methods for identifying features and artefacts related to the battle and for developing an understanding of the various influences acting on the present landscape. The largest survey of its kind undertaken on a single battlefield site, this approach holds particular potential for battlefield archaeology, given the subtle and low-density nature of the sought-after targets and the extensive area of the site. Such an approach can mitigate (though not entirely resolve) challenges of resolution and scale associated with other methods of investigation. Using a representative range of examples from Waterloo, we consider successes and challenges in undertaking geophysical surveys on battlefield sites. An integrated approach that incorporates targeted sampling and other forms of ancillary data is emphasized for a more robust interpretation of noninvasive sensor data.
{"title":"Contributions of Multi-Method Geophysical Survey to Archaeological Research at the Battlefield of Waterloo","authors":"Duncan Williams, Dominique Bosquet, Tony Pollard, Kate Welham, Stuart Eve, Philippe De Smedt","doi":"10.1002/arp.1952","DOIUrl":"10.1002/arp.1952","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Archaeological prospection is continually expanding into new frontiers, examining increasingly large areas, diverse environmental contexts and varying site types. One area that has received only limited focus is historic battlefields. This paper presents results from large-scale geophysical surveys (> 100 ha) at the Napoleonic battlefield of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium, using fluxgate magnetometry and frequency-domain electromagnetic induction. Despite its international historical significance, professional archaeological research at the battlefield is still in its infancy. We demonstrate how important insights can be gained by using geophysical methods for identifying features and artefacts related to the battle and for developing an understanding of the various influences acting on the present landscape. The largest survey of its kind undertaken on a single battlefield site, this approach holds particular potential for battlefield archaeology, given the subtle and low-density nature of the sought-after targets and the extensive area of the site. Such an approach can mitigate (though not entirely resolve) challenges of resolution and scale associated with other methods of investigation. Using a representative range of examples from Waterloo, we consider successes and challenges in undertaking geophysical surveys on battlefield sites. An integrated approach that incorporates targeted sampling and other forms of ancillary data is emphasized for a more robust interpretation of noninvasive sensor data.</p>","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"31 3","pages":"267-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arp.1952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Underwater archaeology relies on expensive and time‐consuming invasive methods for identifying and excavating objects buried in the seabed or identifying layers in shallow and intertidal environments. Especially shallow and intertidal environments are challenging due to locally high levels of sedimentation that offer good conditions for preserving organic material, that is, archaeological objects, in stabile and low‐oxygen environments. We present a system capable of dense (25 cm × 25 cm) survey coverage that enables nondestructive decimetre‐scale visualization of buried objects and sedimentary layers lying in the subsurface. The system comprises an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) equipped with a single‐channel 2D Chirp sonar. A description of the vehicle design is presented, and results from five field tests demonstrate the ability of the system to collect high‐resolution acoustic data in a variety of shallow water environments. The system shows an example of the linearized zero offset reflectivity inversion dataset, visualizing a known buried shipwreck from the medieval period in Avaldsnes, Norway. The ASV system holds global implications as it can serve as a noninvasive first‐stage survey in sensitive heritage or archaeological areas. Areas where traditional methods are challenging, or invasive methods are dissuaded.
{"title":"A Novel Approach for Autonomous Densely Spaced Acquisition of Buried Objects in Intertidal Environments—Field Examples From Avaldsnes, Norway","authors":"T. M. Olsen, W. Weibull, A. Escalona, A. S. Vivås","doi":"10.1002/arp.1949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1949","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater archaeology relies on expensive and time‐consuming invasive methods for identifying and excavating objects buried in the seabed or identifying layers in shallow and intertidal environments. Especially shallow and intertidal environments are challenging due to locally high levels of sedimentation that offer good conditions for preserving organic material, that is, archaeological objects, in stabile and low‐oxygen environments. We present a system capable of dense (25 cm × 25 cm) survey coverage that enables nondestructive decimetre‐scale visualization of buried objects and sedimentary layers lying in the subsurface. The system comprises an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) equipped with a single‐channel 2D Chirp sonar. A description of the vehicle design is presented, and results from five field tests demonstrate the ability of the system to collect high‐resolution acoustic data in a variety of shallow water environments. The system shows an example of the linearized zero offset reflectivity inversion dataset, visualizing a known buried shipwreck from the medieval period in Avaldsnes, Norway. The ASV system holds global implications as it can serve as a noninvasive first‐stage survey in sensitive heritage or archaeological areas. Areas where traditional methods are challenging, or invasive methods are dissuaded.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141869355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape‐scale LiDAR‐based studies are becoming increasingly prevalent in archaeology, mainly focusing on detecting archaeological sites to create datasets for spatial analysis. However, the representativeness of these datasets in accurately reflecting the surviving distributions of archaeological sites has often been overlooked. This paper discusses issues of sampling and representativeness in LiDAR‐derived datasets, particularly within the scope of large‐scale landscape studies in Mediterranean contexts. Drawing insights from the Ancient Hillforts Survey, which analysed 15 296 km2 in south‐central Italy, the study examines the variability in the visibility of different site typologies in open‐source but low‐resolution LiDAR data. Through an examination of hillforts, platform farms, settlements, field systems, traces of Roman centuriation, and transhumance routes, the paper highlights significant variability in the identification and mapping within and across different site types. Recognizing the need to account for this variability in the development of spatial analysis, the paper discusses the use of sampling areas to address this variability. This approach aims to effectively mitigate potential biases in analysis, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced methodologies in interpreting LiDAR data for archaeological research.
{"title":"Issues of Sampling and Representativeness in Large‐Scale LiDAR‐Derived Archaeological Surveys in Mediterranean Contexts","authors":"Giacomo Fontana","doi":"10.1002/arp.1951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1951","url":null,"abstract":"Landscape‐scale LiDAR‐based studies are becoming increasingly prevalent in archaeology, mainly focusing on detecting archaeological sites to create datasets for spatial analysis. However, the representativeness of these datasets in accurately reflecting the surviving distributions of archaeological sites has often been overlooked. This paper discusses issues of sampling and representativeness in LiDAR‐derived datasets, particularly within the scope of large‐scale landscape studies in Mediterranean contexts. Drawing insights from the Ancient Hillforts Survey, which analysed 15 296 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> in south‐central Italy, the study examines the variability in the visibility of different site typologies in open‐source but low‐resolution LiDAR data. Through an examination of hillforts, platform farms, settlements, field systems, traces of Roman centuriation, and transhumance routes, the paper highlights significant variability in the identification and mapping within and across different site types. Recognizing the need to account for this variability in the development of spatial analysis, the paper discusses the use of sampling areas to address this variability. This approach aims to effectively mitigate potential biases in analysis, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced methodologies in interpreting LiDAR data for archaeological research.","PeriodicalId":55490,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Prospection","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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