Closing the Loop on LIB Waste: A Comparison of the Current Challenges and Opportunities for the U.S. and Australia towards a Sustainable Energy Future

IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Recycling Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI:10.3390/recycling8050078
Gavin E. Collis, Qiang Dai, Joanne S. C. Loh, Albert Lipson, Linda Gaines, Yanyan Zhao, Jeffrey Spangenberger
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Abstract

Many countries have started their transition to a net-zero economy. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an ever-increasing role towards this transition as a rechargeable energy storage medium. Initially, LIBs were developed for consumer electronics and portable devices but have seen dramatic growth in their use in electric vehicles (EVs) and via the gradual uptake in battery energy storage systems (BESSs) over the last decade. As such, critical metals (Li, Co, Ni, and Mn) and chemicals (polymers, electrolytes, Cu, Al, PVDF, LiPF6, LiBF4, and graphite) needed for LIBs are currently in great demand and are susceptible to global supply shortages. Dramatic increases in raw material prices, coupled with predicted exponential growth in global demand (e.g., United States graphite demand from 2022 7000 t to ~145,000 t), means that LIBs will not be sustainable if only sourced from raw materials. LIBs degrade over time. When their performance can no longer meet the requirement of their intended application (e.g., EVs in the 8–12 year range), opportunities exist to extract and recover battery materials for re-use in new batteries or to supply other industrial chemical sectors. This paper compares the challenges, barriers, opportunities, and successes of the United States of America and Australia as they transition to renewable energy storage and develop a battery supply chain to support a circular economy around LIBs.
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闭合LIB废物循环:当前美国和澳大利亚在可持续能源未来方面的挑战和机遇比较
许多国家已经开始向净零经济转型。锂离子电池(LIBs)作为一种可充电的储能介质,在这一转变中发挥着越来越重要的作用。最初,锂离子电池是为消费电子产品和便携式设备开发的,但在过去十年中,随着电池储能系统(bess)的逐渐普及,锂离子电池在电动汽车(ev)中的应用急剧增长。因此,锂离子电池所需的关键金属(Li, Co, Ni和Mn)和化学品(聚合物,电解质,Cu, Al, PVDF, LiPF6, LiBF4和石墨)目前需求量很大,容易受到全球供应短缺的影响。原材料价格的急剧上涨,加上全球需求的预测指数增长(例如,美国石墨需求从2022年的7000吨增加到14.5万吨),意味着如果仅从原材料采购,lib将不可持续。lib会随着时间的推移而退化。当它们的性能不能再满足预期应用的要求时(例如,8-12年范围内的电动汽车),就有机会提取和回收电池材料,用于新电池的再利用或供应其他工业化学部门。本文比较了美国和澳大利亚在向可再生能源存储过渡和开发电池供应链以支持围绕锂电池的循环经济的过程中所面临的挑战、障碍、机遇和成功。
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来源期刊
Recycling
Recycling Environmental Science-Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
7.00%
发文量
84
审稿时长
11 weeks
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