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The Potential Material Flow of WEEE in a Data-Constrained Environment—The Case of Jordan 数据受限环境中废弃电子电气设备的潜在物质流--约旦案例
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010004
L. Al-Khatib, F. Fraige
The rising concerns about electric and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) come from the rapid increase in demand for appliances and the decreasing lifetimes of equipment. Setting a sustainable WEEE management system that exploits this secondary resource is paramount to maximize resource efficiency, mitigate its environmental impact, and stimulate the circular economy. This paper aims, for the first time, to quantify the material flow expected from recycling the generated WEEE, propose the number of plants required to recycle this secondary resource, and outline the expected economic and environmental benefits that could be achieved from recycling operations. The findings of material flow calculations show that the amount of steel, copper, and aluminum is predominant in the WEEE composition. Also, the expected metal content in WEEE in 2022 is approximately 26 kt, 3.3 kt, and 2.5 kt, respectively. These are expected to substantially increase to approximately 109 kt, 11.9 kt, and 9 kt for the three metals in 2050, respectively. Other valuable metals are doubling their quantities between 2022 and 2050 to reach approximately 1133 kg silver and 475 kg gold. Approximately, four treatment plants are required to recover these materials in 2030 with relative installation costs of USD 100 million. The forecasted financial revenues of recovering materials included in WEEE and indicators for environmental impact based on life cycle assessment (LCA) are calculated. The results of this study can serve as a preliminary reference for future usage in guiding effective planning for WEEE recycling and sustainable management in the country.
对电器和电子设备废弃物(WEEE)的日益关注源于对电器需求的快速增长和设备寿命的缩短。建立一个可持续的 WEEE 管理系统来利用这种二次资源,对于最大限度地提高资源效率、减轻其对环境的影响以及促进循环经济至关重要。本文旨在首次量化回收所产生的废旧电子电器设备的预期物料流,提出回收这种二次资源所需的工厂数量,并概述回收操作可实现的预期经济和环境效益。物料流计算结果表明,废旧电子电器设备的成分中主要是钢、铜和铝。此外,预计 2022 年废弃电子电气设备中的金属含量分别约为 26 千吨、3.3 千吨和 2.5 千吨。预计到 2050 年,这三种金属的含量将分别大幅增至约 109 千吨、11.9 千吨和 9 千吨。其他有价金属的数量在 2022 年至 2050 年间将翻一番,达到约 1133 千克银和 475 千克金。到 2030 年,回收这些材料大约需要四个处理厂,相对安装成本为 1 亿美元。根据生命周期评估 (LCA) 计算了回收废弃电子电气设备所含材料的预测经济收入和环境影响指标。这项研究的结果可作为初步参考,为今后指导该国有效规划废弃电子电器设备的回收和可持续管理提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of Thermal Protection in Recycled Polyolefins through Hybrid Mesoporous Silica–Antioxidant Particles 通过介孔二氧化硅-抗氧化剂混合颗粒提高回收聚烯烃的热保护性能
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010003
Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez, R. Barranco-García, Tamara M. Díez-Rodríguez, Pilar Posadas, Ernesto Pérez, M. Cerrada
The deficient management of plastic waste has caused a serious worldwide environmental problem. Thus, one of the main challenges for the industry in the plastics sector in contributing to sustainability and a circular economy consists of providing a subsequent service life to this waste. For that purpose, the appropriate incorporation of antioxidants will play a key role in preventing or postponing the degradation of plastic waste, where the formation of radicals is initiated during its previous lifetime by the action of degrading agents. Functionalized particles, based on mesoporous MCM-41 silica with Irganox 1076, were prepared with two different protocols and were further incorporated into a material containing virgin PP and 30 wt.% of recycled PP, with the purpose of guaranteeing thermal stability during its next service life. A very significant increase in the thermal stability of the resulting composites was found, attributable to the synergistic action between the Irganox 1076 antioxidant and the MCM-41 particles. In addition, the presence of hybrid particles leads to an important nucleating effect for the crystallization of PP. Moreover, a reinforcing role was also played by these modified mesoporous silicas in the resultant systems. The presented methodology constitutes, therefore, a promising strategy for contributing to the circular economy—since the synergy between the Irganox 1076 antioxidant and MCM-41 particles was found to play an important role in the ultimate performance of recycled polyolefins.
塑料废弃物管理不善已造成严重的世界性环境问题。因此,塑料行业在促进可持续发展和循环经济方面面临的主要挑战之一,就是如何延长废塑料的使用寿命。为此,适当加入抗氧化剂将在防止或延缓塑料废弃物降解方面发挥关键作用,因为在塑料废弃物之前的使用寿命中,降解剂的作用会导致自由基的形成。基于介孔 MCM-41 硅石和 Irganox 1076 的功能化颗粒采用两种不同的方法制备,并进一步加入到含有原生聚丙烯和 30 wt.% 再生聚丙烯的材料中,目的是保证其在下一个使用寿命期间的热稳定性。结果发现,由于 Irganox 1076 抗氧化剂和 MCM-41 颗粒之间的协同作用,复合材料的热稳定性有了非常明显的提高。此外,混合颗粒的存在还对 PP 的结晶产生了重要的成核效应。此外,这些改性介孔硅还在生成的体系中发挥了强化作用。因此,所介绍的方法是促进循环经济的一种有前途的策略,因为研究发现 Irganox 1076 抗氧化剂和 MCM-41 颗粒之间的协同作用对再生聚烯烃的最终性能起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Reforming Construction Waste Management for Circular Economy in Kazakhstan: A Cost–Benefit Analysis of Upgrading Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Centres 哈萨克斯坦为实现循环经济而改革建筑垃圾管理:升级建筑和拆除废物回收中心的成本效益分析
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010002
F. Karaca, Aidana Tleuken
This paper investigates the advantages of enhancing construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling facilities to conform to circular economy (CE) models in Kazakhstan’s construction sector. The industry is experiencing significant growth due to urbanization, but it faces difficulties managing CDW, frequently resulting in landfill disposal. In response, this paper provides a cost–benefit analysis of upgrading the CDW recycling centres aligned with CE needs. Reflecting legislative changes in Kazakhstan’s Environmental Code, which prohibited CDW in landfills starting December 2020, the initiative to establish modern CDW recycling centres is gaining momentum in major cities. The primary objective is to maximize material recovery and eliminate contaminants that curtail the utilization of recycled sand and aggregate products. The analysis yields compelling results, indicating that the project has the potential to recycle up to 84 million tons of CDW over eight years, with an annual 25% capacity increase and a maximum possible 95% recycling efficiency. Despite an estimated cost of USD 48 million, the project demonstrates a payback period of 9.9 years, signalling eventual cost recovery. These findings underscore the project’s capacity to mitigate CDW issues while generating economic benefits and contributing to a sustainable environment. In conclusion, implementing modern CDW recycling centres in Kazakhstan represents a potent solution for the construction industry as it transitions toward a CE model. This transition addresses both pressing environmental challenges and promising economic prospects.
本文研究了哈萨克斯坦建筑行业加强建筑和拆除废物(CDW)回收设施以符合循环经济(CE)模式的优势。由于城市化的发展,该行业正经历着巨大的增长,但却面临着管理拆建垃圾的困难,经常导致垃圾填埋处理。为此,本文提供了一项成本效益分析,分析如何根据循环经济的需求升级废旧商品混凝土回收中心。哈萨克斯坦的《环境法典》中规定,自2020年12月起,禁止在垃圾填埋场填埋国内废弃煤炭和废料。其主要目标是最大限度地回收材料,并消除阻碍再生砂石骨料产品利用的污染物。分析得出了令人信服的结果,表明该项目有可能在八年内回收多达 8 400 万吨的煤炭废弃物,年产能增加 25%,回收效率最高可达 95%。尽管预计成本为 4800 万美元,但项目的投资回收期为 9.9 年,表明最终可以收回成本。这些研究结果凸显了该项目在产生经济效益和促进环境可持续发展的同时,还能缓解煤炭废弃物问题的能力。总之,在哈萨克斯坦实施现代化的 CDW 回收中心是建筑行业向 CE 模式转型的有效解决方案。这种转型既能解决紧迫的环境挑战,又能带来广阔的经济前景。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable WPC Production: A Novel Method Using Recycled High-Density Polyethylene and Wood Veneer 可持续的木塑生产:使用回收高密度聚乙烯和木皮的新方法
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010001
Leslie Cristell Canto-Borges, J. C. Cruz, Javier Rodrigo Nahuat-Sansores, José Antonio Domínguez-Lepe, M. P. Gurrola
This research work is focused on the development of an alternative method for manufacturing Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) panels based on Wood Veneers (WVs) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) through compression molding, which enhances the physical properties, particularly, water absorption and moisture content. The aim of the present research was to develop alternative panels to replace commercial ones, which are heavily affected by hot, humid climates. In this context, the study began with the design process, which consisted of the collection and processing of primary material, production of the additional components necessary for the manufacturing process, determination of the WV ratio, and preparation of the samples. Thereafter, physical and mechanical tests were carried out on WPC, HDPE (control), commercial gypsum boards (GBs), plywood (PW), and medium density fiberboard (MDF) samples. The results indicate that the method applied to manufacture the WPC samples improved physical properties, achieving a water uptake of less than 4% in both proportions of replacement tested, in contrast to commercial panels, which reached values between 10% and 40%. In addition, a greater load capacity was achieved for lower thick elements.
这项研究工作的重点是开发一种替代方法,通过压缩成型制造基于木皮(WVs)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的木塑复合板(WPC),从而提高其物理性能,特别是吸水性和含水率。本研究的目的是开发替代板材,以取代受炎热潮湿气候严重影响的商用板材。在这种情况下,研究从设计过程开始,包括收集和加工原始材料、生产制造过程所需的其他组件、确定 WV 比率和制备样品。之后,对木塑、高密度聚乙烯(对照)、商用石膏板(GB)、胶合板(PW)和中密度纤维板(MDF)样品进行了物理和机械测试。结果表明,制造木塑样本的方法改善了物理特性,在测试的两种置换比例中,吸水率均低于 4%,而商用板的吸水率则在 10% 到 40% 之间。此外,对于厚度较低的部件,还实现了更大的承载能力。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the State Agency Policies toward RAP Usage in the United States: State of Practice 了解美国国家机构对使用 RAP 的政策:实践状况
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060100
Venkatsushanth Revelli, Ayman Ali
The usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material is a highly resource-conservative, economical, and sustainable practice in flexible pavement construction. However, its usage in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is capped at 25% by the majority of state transportation agencies due to its aging levels, stiffness characteristics, and handling capabilities, which may result in early-age pavement distress. Though researchers suggest methodologies to increase RAP usage, higher RAP percentages in asphalt pavements require the support of state authorities. The main objective of this paper is to provide information on how different states design their mixtures with high RAP percentages. This study reviewed the current state of practice of fifty (50) state DOTs in the United States (US) with respect to RAP usage and the factors governing its regulations. It was observed that the limit of RAP content is mainly governed by traffic levels, gradation, binder content, and stiffness contributed by RAP and layer position in a pavement structure. The specifications also suggest that apart from volumetric and performance justification, blending charts, fractionation, and virgin binder grade selection would facilitate the use of higher RAP content in HMA. Controlled mixture design abiding by state specifications can increase the allowable RAP to 40–100%.
在柔性路面施工中,使用再生沥青路面(RAP)材料是一种高度节约资源、经济且可持续的做法。然而,由于再生沥青的老化程度、刚度特性和处理能力可能会导致路面早期损坏,因此大多数州交通机构规定再生沥青在热拌沥青(HMA)中的使用率不得超过 25%。虽然研究人员提出了增加 RAP 使用量的方法,但提高沥青路面中的 RAP 使用比例需要州政府的支持。本文的主要目的是提供各州如何设计高 RAP 百分比混合料的信息。本研究回顾了美国五十(50)个州 DOT 在 RAP 使用方面的实践现状,以及制约其规定的因素。研究发现,RAP 含量的限制主要取决于交通量、级配、粘结剂含量、RAP 带来的刚度以及路面结构中的层位。规范还建议,除了体积和性能方面的理由外,掺合料图表、分级和原始粘结剂等级的选择都有助于在 HMA 中使用更高的 RAP 含量。遵守国家规范的受控混合料设计可将允许的 RAP 提高到 40-100%。
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引用次数: 0
Quantification of Plastics in Agriculture and Fisheries at a Regional Scale: A Case Study of South West England 在区域范围内量化农业和渔业中的塑料:英格兰西南部案例研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060099
M. E. Correa-Cano, Kerry Burton, Markus Mueller, Victor Kouloumpis, Xiaoyu Yan
The use of plastics in agriculture and in fisheries has been vital to increase food production and meet the demands of an increasingly growing global population. However, there are several drawbacks to the use of plastics in these industries. Most plastics used in agriculture are disposed of after one single use and are highly susceptible to weathering. Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear cause considerable damage to marine life. Quantification of plastic waste generation in these industries is scarce or non-existent in the case of fisheries. In this paper, we estimate the amount of plastic waste generated by agriculture and fisheries at a regional scale, considering the South West of the UK as a case study. We followed a mass balance approach to quantify the potential plastic waste generated by these industries. We find a generation of 49 kt of plastic waste in agriculture, 47% of which has an unknown fate. We estimate 454 t/year of fishing gear waste, with unclear end-of-life pathways. A detailed quantitative understanding of plastic waste generation per sector at a regional scale is fundamental for tracking plastic waste flows, locating hotspots of pollution, and planning actions to reduce the amount of plastic waste along the chain of end-users.
塑料在农业和渔业中的使用对于提高粮食产量和满足日益增长的全球人口的需求至关重要。然而,塑料在这些行业的使用也存在一些弊端。农业中使用的大多数塑料在使用一次后就会被丢弃,而且极易风化。被遗弃、丢失或丢弃的渔具会对海洋生物造成严重损害。对这些行业产生的塑料废物进行量化的研究很少,甚至在渔业中根本不存在。在本文中,我们以英国西南部为例,估算了区域范围内农业和渔业产生的塑料垃圾数量。我们采用质量平衡法来量化这些行业可能产生的塑料废物。我们发现农业产生了 49 千吨塑料废物,其中 47% 的去向不明。我们估计每年产生 454 吨渔具废物,其最终去向不明。在区域范围内对各行业产生的塑料垃圾进行详细的定量了解,对于跟踪塑料垃圾流、定位污染热点以及规划行动以减少最终用户链上的塑料垃圾数量至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on the Influence and Mechanism of Temperature and Dosage on PCDD/Fs Adsorption via Coal-Based Activated Carbon 温度和剂量对煤基活性炭吸附多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃的影响及机理研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060098
Peiyue Wang, Jianwen Lai, Xiaoqing Lin, Xiaodong Li, Shuaixi Xu
Using a trace polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) stabilizing generator, an experimental study related to the influence of temperature (150, 165, and 180 °C) and activated carbon (AC) dosage (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g) on the adsorption effect of gas-phase PCDD/Fs via coal-based AC was conducted. Increasing the AC dosage is the most efficient method to improve the PCDD/Fs adsorption efficiency from 65.8% (0.10 g) to 93.0% (0.20 g) at 150 °C in an exponential trend. Both the polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins (PCDD)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) ratio and the Cl-PCDD/Fs value showed positive correlations, with the AC dosage under the same temperature. Increasing adsorption temperature declined the adsorption capacity of AC, resulting in the exponentially decreased average I-TEQ value adsorbed per gram of AC, from 131.3 ng TEQ/Nm3 (150 °C) to 55.9 ng TEQ/Nm3 (180 °C). The coal-based AC used in this study preferred to adsorb lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs, tetrachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (TCDD/Fs), and pentachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PeCDD/Fs) than highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs, heptachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (HpCDD/Fs), hexachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (HxCDD/Fs), and octachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (OCDD/Fs), which was aggravated by the increasing temperature. The characterization of the surface properties of AC revealed that slight oxidation occurred on the AC surface during the adsorption process, introducing oxygen to the competitive adsorption. In addition, it was found in this study that an increased temperature led to a higher content of hydrophilic carboxyl and anhydride groups and weakened π-π interactions, which were also partly responsible for the negative impact of the increasing temperature on the AC adsorption capacity. The results of this study can contribute to the operation optimization for controlling PCDD/F emissions from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI).
利用痕量多氯-ρ-二苯并二噁英和二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)稳定发生器,就温度(150、165 和 180 °C)和活性炭(AC)用量(0.10、0.15 和 0.20 克)对煤基 AC 吸附气相多氯-ρ-二苯并二噁英和二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)效果的影响进行了实验研究。在 150 °C条件下,增加活性炭用量是提高多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃吸附效率的最有效方法,吸附效率从 65.8%(0.10 克)提高到 93.0%(0.20 克),且呈指数增长趋势。在相同温度下,多氯-ρ-二苯并二恶英(PCDD)/多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDF)比值和 Cl-PCDD/Fs 值均与 AC 的用量呈正相关。吸附温度升高会降低 AC 的吸附容量,导致每克 AC 平均吸附的 I-TEQ 值呈指数下降,从 131.3 ng TEQ/Nm3 (150 °C) 降至 55.9 ng TEQ/Nm3 (180 °C) 。与高度氯化的多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)相比,本研究中使用的煤基 AC 更倾向于吸附氯化程度较低的多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、四氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(TCDD/Fs)以及五氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(PeCDD/Fs)、和六氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(HxCDD/Fs)以及八氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(OCDD/Fs)相比,温度升高会加剧这种情况。对 AC 表面特性的表征表明,在吸附过程中,AC 表面发生了轻微氧化,在竞争性吸附中引入了氧气。此外,本研究还发现,温度升高导致亲水性羧基和酸酐基团含量增加,π-π 相互作用减弱,这也是温度升高对 AC 吸附能力产生负面影响的部分原因。本研究的结果有助于优化城市固体废物焚烧(MSWI)的操作,以控制多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃的排放。
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引用次数: 0
Acerola (Malpighia spp.) Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Energy Applications 金雀花(Malpighia spp:营养品、药品和能源应用的可持续方法
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060096
J. Vega-baudrit, Melissa Camacho, Diego Batista-Menezes, Y. Corrales-Ureña, Juan Miguel Zúñiga, Arturo Mora Chacón, N. Lecot, Luis Castillo Henríquez, M. Lopretti
This study reviews the many uses for waste generated from acerola (Malpighia spp.) production, a tropical fruit renowned for its nutrient-rich content. Traditionally considered an environmental burden, this waste is now gaining attention for its sustainable applications in green technology. This review outlines the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds, like polyphenols, carotenoids, and pectin, that can be extracted from the acerola fruit and acerola waste, and it also delves into its potential in materials science, particularly in the creation of pharmaceutical formulations, nanomaterials, composites, biofuels, and energy applications. On the medical front, the paper highlights the promise that acerola waste holds in anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, and anticancer therapies. By outlining challenges and opportunities, the review emphasizes the untapped potential of acerola waste as a resource for high-value products. These findings suggest a paradigm shift, turning what has been considered waste into a sustainable asset, thereby encouraging environmentally responsible practices within the fruit industry.
本研究回顾了针叶树(malpiighia spp.)生产中产生的废物的许多用途,针叶树是一种以其丰富的营养成分而闻名的热带水果。传统上被认为是一种环境负担,这种废物现在因其在绿色技术中的可持续应用而受到关注。本文概述了从针叶树果实和针叶树废弃物中提取有价值的生物活性化合物,如多酚、类胡萝卜素和果胶的方法,并探讨了其在材料科学方面的潜力,特别是在制造药物配方、纳米材料、复合材料、生物燃料和能源应用方面的潜力。在医学方面,这篇论文强调了针叶菌废物在抗炎、降糖和抗癌治疗方面的前景。通过概述挑战和机遇,该审查强调针叶废弃物作为高价值产品资源的未开发潜力。这些发现表明了一种范式的转变,将被认为是废物的东西转变为可持续的资产,从而鼓励水果行业内对环境负责的做法。
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引用次数: 0
Review of the Policy, Social, Operational, and Technological Factors Affecting Cigarette Butt Recycling Potential in Extended Producer Responsibility Programs 对影响生产者延伸责任计划中烟头回收潜力的政策、社会、运营和技术因素的审查
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060095
Aron Pazzaglia, Beatrice Castellani
Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most diffuse waste in the world, often abandoned into the environment without proper disposal. They are dangerous because of the numerous harmful chemicals potentially released by them into the environment. In the literature, there are several technological options for CB recycling, but some critical concerns could affect their effectiveness due to the quality and quantity of CB litter that is collected in the proper way. The extended producer responsibility scheme for CBs is proposed at the Europe level as an action to tackle CB litter and encourage sustainable product development. The present paper focuses on analyzing the existing literature to identify critical issues within the policy framework, social behavior, waste collection and transport, and technological processes. The collection and transport of CB waste is a major issue, being a key step for bringing CB to the recycling process. The main concern is the small quantity of CBs collected: 0.06% of the municipal waste and 0.18% of the unsorted waste in the case study’s administrative area of Perugia. Another crucial issue is the need for behavioral interventions to increase education and awareness of citizens that are smokers, addressing the discrepancy between smokers’ behaviors and beliefs. The main results, along with the critical issues related to the topics, are highlighted.
烟头是世界上最分散的废物,经常未经适当处理就被丢弃在环境中。它们是危险的,因为它们可能向环境中释放大量有害化学物质。在文献中,有几种CB回收的技术选择,但由于以适当方式收集的CB垃圾的质量和数量,一些关键问题可能会影响其有效性。在欧洲层面上提出了CB的扩展生产者责任计划,作为解决CB垃圾和鼓励可持续产品开发的行动。本文着重分析现有文献,以确定政策框架、社会行为、废物收集和运输以及技术过程中的关键问题。废物的收集和运输是一个主要问题,是将废物纳入回收过程的关键步骤。主要的问题是收集的CBs数量少:在案例研究的佩鲁贾行政区域,城市垃圾的0.06%和未分类垃圾的0.18%。另一个关键问题是需要采取行为干预措施,以增加对吸烟者公民的教育和认识,解决吸烟者的行为和信仰之间的差异。重点介绍了主要结果以及与主题相关的关键问题。
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引用次数: 0
Recycled Surgical Mask Waste as a Resource Material in Sustainable Geopolymer Bricks 将回收的手术面罩废料作为可持续土工聚合物砖的资源材料
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-19 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060093
Domenico Asprone, Dariusz Mierzwi´nski, Kritish Thoudam, N. Hossiney, Srinidhi Lakshmish Kumar, Jacob Alex, Sanoop Prakasan, Sarath Chandra, Yogeshraj Urs, A. S. Arunkumar
With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global consumption of single-use surgical masks has risen immensely, and it is expected to grow in the coming years. Simultaneously, the disposal of surgical masks in the environment has caused plastic pollution, and therefore, it is exigent to find innovative ways to handle this problem. In this study, surgical masks were processed in a laboratory using the mechanical grinding method to obtain recycled surgical masks (RSM). The RSM was added in doses of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% by volume of geopolymer bricks, which were synthesized with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA), sand, and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) at ambient conditions for a duration of 28 days. The developed bricks were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, efflorescence, and drying shrinkage. The results of the study reveal that compressive strength and flexural strength improved with the inclusion of RSM in the bricks. The highest values of compressive strength and flexural strength were 5.97 MPa and 1.62 MPa for bricks with 4% RSM, respectively. Further, a reduction in the self-weight of the bricks was noticed with an increase in RSM. There was no pronounced effect of RSM on the water absorption and efflorescence properties. However, the RSM played a role in reducing the drying shrinkage of the bricks. The sustainability analysis divulges the catalytic role of RSM in improving material performance, thereby proving to be a potential candidate for low-carbon material in the construction industry.
随着 COVID-19 大流行的到来,一次性外科口罩的全球消费量大幅上升,预计未来几年还将继续增长。与此同时,手术口罩在环境中的弃置也造成了塑料污染,因此迫切需要找到创新的方法来解决这一问题。在这项研究中,我们在实验室中使用机械研磨法处理外科口罩,以获得再生外科口罩(RSM)。在土工聚合物砖中按体积添加 0%、1%、2%、3% 和 4% 的 RSM,土工聚合物砖是用磨细高炉矿渣 (GGBS)、稻壳灰 (RHA)、沙子和硅酸钠 (Na2SiO3) 在环境条件下合成的,持续时间为 28 天。对开发的砖块进行了抗压强度、抗弯强度、密度、吸水率、风化和干燥收缩率测试。研究结果表明,在砖中加入 RSM 后,抗压强度和抗折强度都有所提高。含有 4% RSM 的砖的抗压强度和抗折强度的最高值分别为 5.97 兆帕和 1.62 兆帕。此外,随着 RSM 的增加,砖的自重也有所减轻。RSM 对吸水率和风化性能没有明显影响。不过,RSM 在减少砖的干燥收缩方面发挥了作用。可持续性分析揭示了 RSM 在改善材料性能方面的催化作用,从而证明它是建筑行业低碳材料的潜在候选材料。
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