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Quality-Driven Allocation Method to Promote the Circular Economy for Plastic Components in the Automotive Industry 促进汽车行业塑料部件循环经济的质量驱动分配法
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040067
Ilka Pfisterer, R. Rinberg, Lothar Kroll, Niels Modler
In recent years, the development of a circular economy of plastic products in the automotive industry has been pursued by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) not only due to strategic premises by the European Commission but also due to an increasing demand by customers. To achieve a circular economy, high-quality recyclates are needed. However, in the current situation, there is a discrepancy between the low-quality recyclate that is available on the market and the high-quality recyclate that is demanded by manufacturers. To increase the quality of recyclate on the market, a standardized process to reward a ‘design-for-recycling’ approach at the product development stage is needed. This paper proposes an allocation method that takes into account material compositions and common recycling processes and incentivizes the preservation of high-quality grades of recyclate based on grade purity.
近年来,原始设备制造商(OEM)一直致力于在汽车行业发展塑料产品的循环经济,这不仅是由于欧盟委员会的战略前提,也是由于客户日益增长的需求。要实现循环经济,就需要高质量的回收材料。然而,在目前的情况下,市场上的低质量回收料与制造商要求的高质量回收料之间存在差距。为了提高市场上回收料的质量,需要在产品开发阶段采用标准化流程来奖励 "回收设计 "方法。本文提出了一种分配方法,该方法考虑到了材料成分和常见的回收工艺,并根据等级纯度来激励保留高质量等级的回收料。
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引用次数: 0
Silicon Kerf Recovery via Acid Leaching Followed by Melting at Elevated Temperatures 通过酸性浸出并在高温下熔化回收硅片层
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040066
Tinotenda Mubaiwa, Askh Garshol, A. Azarov, J. Safarian
The aim of this work was to study the purification of silicon kerf loss waste (KLW) by a combination of single-acid leaching followed by inductive melting at high temperatures with an addition of fluidized bed reactor (FBR) silicon granules. The KLW indicated an average particle size (D50) of approximately 1.6 µm, and a BET surface area of 30.4 m2/g. Acid leaching by 1 M HCl indicated significant removal of impurities such as Ni (77%), Fe (91%) and P (75%). The combined two-stage treatment resulted in significant removal of the major impurities: Al (78%), Ni (79%), Ca (85%), P (92%) and Fe (99%). The general material loss during melting decreased with an increasing amount of FBR silicon granules which aided in the melting process and indicated better melting. It was observed that the melting behavior of the samples improved as the temperature increased, with complete melting being observed throughout the crucibles at the highest temperature (1800 °C) used, even without any additives. At lower temperatures (1600 °C–1700 °C) and lower FBR-Si (<30 wt.%) additions, the melting was incomplete, with patches of molten silicon and a lot of surface oxidation as confirmed by both visual observation and electron microscopy. In addition, it was indicated that more reactive and volatile elements (Ga, Mg and P) compared to silicon are partially removed in the melting process (51–87%), while the less reactive elements end up in the final silicon melt. It was concluded that if optimized, the combined treatment of single-acid leaching and inductive melting with the addition of granular FBR silicon has great potential for the recycling of KLW to solar cells and similar applications. Moreover, the application of higher melting temperatures is accompanied by a higher silicon yield of the process, and the involved mechanisms are presented.
这项工作的目的是研究硅切口损失废料(KLW)的提纯方法,即先进行单酸浸出,然后在高温下进行感应熔化,并加入流化床反应器(FBR)硅颗粒。KLW 的平均粒径 (D50) 约为 1.6 µm,BET 表面积为 30.4 m2/g。1 M HCl 的酸性浸出表明,镍(77%)、铁(91%)和磷(75%)等杂质的去除率很高。两阶段联合处理可显著去除主要杂质:铝(78%)、镍(79%)、钙(85%)、磷(92%)和铁(99%)。熔化过程中的一般材料损失随着 FBR 硅颗粒数量的增加而减少,这有助于熔化过程,并表明熔化效果更好。据观察,样品的熔化性能随着温度的升高而改善,在使用的最高温度(1800 °C)下,即使不使用任何添加剂,整个坩埚也能完全熔化。在较低温度(1600 ℃-1700 ℃)和较低的 FBR-Si 添加量(<30 wt.%)条件下,熔化不完全,有成片的熔融硅和大量的表面氧化,这一点已通过目视观察和电子显微镜得到证实。此外,研究还表明,与硅相比,反应性和挥发性更强的元素(镓、镁和磷)在熔化过程中被部分去除(51-87%),而反应性较低的元素则最终留在了硅熔体中。研究得出的结论是,如果进行优化,单酸浸出和感应熔化的组合处理方法再加上颗粒状的 FBR 硅,对于将 KLW 循环利用到太阳能电池和类似应用中具有巨大的潜力。此外,在采用较高熔化温度的同时,该工艺的硅产量也会提高,并介绍了其中的机理。
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引用次数: 0
An Investigation into Sustainable Solutions: Utilizing Hydrated Lime Derived from Oyster Shells as an Eco-Friendly Alternative for Semiconductor Wastewater Treatment 对可持续解决方案的研究:利用牡蛎壳中提取的水合石灰作为半导体废水处理的生态友好替代品
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040061
Hye-Jin Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Seokhwi Kim
Due to its acidic nature and high fluoride concentration, hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) is commonly used for neutralization and fluoride control in semiconductor wastewater treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of treating high fluoride-containing wastewater using hydrated lime derived from oyster shells as an alternative to limestone. Overall, the characteristics of removing pollutants in acidic wastewater using shell-based hydrated lime showed similar patterns to hydrated lime from limestone. The treatment efficiency was 50% or less under theoretical Ca/F molar ratio (=0.5) conditions for the formation of fluorite (CaF2), while the fluorine removal rate reached 99% under somewhat higher Ca/F conditions due to the influence of ionic components in the wastewater. Interestingly, chloride content did not increase even in the initial reaction stages, in contrast to our concerns about oyster shells generally containing salt to a certain extent due to their growth in seawater; instead, the chloride concentration decreased over time, similar to nitrate (NO3−). In controlling fluoride in wastewater, surpassing the theoretical Ca/F molar ratio, particularly considering the presence of other anionic species such as SO4²− and PO4³−, the optimal Ca/F ratio for fluoride removal was found to be 1.59. This value is approximately 16% lower than the calculated value (Ca/F = 1.85) when accounting for other anions. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the presence of CaSO4, Ca3(PO4)2, and CaF2 in the precipitate recovered after the reaction, indicating the effective removal of ionic contaminants. This observation suggests that oyster shell-derived hydrated lime could serve as a viable calcium resource for treating acidic wastewater and represents a potential alternative to traditional limestone-based methods.
由于熟石灰(Ca(OH)2)的酸性和高氟浓度,在半导体废水处理中常用于中和和氟控制。本研究调查了使用从牡蛎壳中提取的熟石灰替代石灰石处理高含氟废水的效果。总体而言,使用贝壳制成的熟石灰去除酸性废水中污染物的特性与石灰石制成的熟石灰相似。在形成萤石(CaF2)的理论 Ca/F 摩尔比(=0.5)条件下,处理效率为 50%或更低;而在稍高的 Ca/F 条件下,由于废水中离子成分的影响,氟的去除率达到 99%。有趣的是,即使在反应初期,氯含量也没有增加,这与我们担心的牡蛎壳因生长在海水中而普遍含有一定盐分的情况相反;相反,氯浓度随着时间的推移而降低,与硝酸盐(NO3-)类似。在控制废水中的氟时,超过了理论上的 Ca/F 摩尔比,特别是考虑到其他阴离子物种(如 SO4²- 和 PO4³-)的存在,发现去除氟的最佳 Ca/F 比为 1.59。考虑到其他阴离子,该值比计算值(Ca/F = 1.85)低约 16%。X 射线衍射结果证实,反应后回收的沉淀物中存在 CaSO4、Ca3(PO4)2 和 CaF2,这表明离子污染物得到了有效去除。这一观察结果表明,牡蛎壳衍生的熟石灰可以作为一种可行的钙资源来处理酸性废水,是传统石灰石法的潜在替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental and Economic Forecast of the Widespread Use of Anaerobic Digestion Techniques 广泛使用厌氧消化技术的环境和经济预测
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040062
A. Kiselev, E. Magaril, Ramona Giurea
The concept of the circular economy represents the most relevant mainstream approach to reducing the negative environmental impact of waste. Anaerobic digestion has proved to be one of the leading and widely adopted techniques for sewage sludge treatment under the principles of the circular economy. The purpose of this study is to forecast environmental and economic indicators through modeling the extensive utilization of biogas technologies with a case study of an administrative territorial unit. The proposed methodological framework involves the use of averaged specific indicators and is based on the relationship between inhabitants, waste generation rates, biogas yield, greenhouse gas emission mitigation and biogas energy potential. The widespread use of anaerobic digestion techniques according to the proposed methodology in the instant scenario will ensure the biogas yield of 10 million Nm3 within the considered administrative territory unit with a population of 4.2 million P.E., which ultimately can be expressed in electricity and thermal generation potential of 20.8 and 24.8 million kWh*y, respectively, annual greenhouse gas elimination of 119.6 thousand tons of CO2 equivalent and capital investment attraction of EUR 65.18 million. Furthermore, all sewage sludge will be subjected to disinfection and stabilization procedures to ensure its safe utilization. The findings of this study offer an opportunity for a wide range of stakeholders to assess the environmental and economic benefits of the widespread adoption of biogas technologies. The developed methodology can be utilized to inform management decisions through the use of the instant and scenario forecasts.
循环经济概念是减少废物对环境负面影响的最重要的主流方法。在循环经济原则下,厌氧消化已被证明是污水污泥处理的主要技术之一,并被广泛采用。本研究的目的是以一个行政区域单位为案例,通过模拟沼气技术的广泛利用来预测环境和经济指标。建议的方法框架包括使用平均特定指标,并以居民、废物产生率、沼气产量、温室气体减排和沼气能源潜力之间的关系为基础。根据建议的方法,在即时方案中广泛使用厌氧消化技术将确保在人口为 420 万 P.E. 的行政区域单位内产生 1 000 万 Nm3 的沼气,最终可分别表示为 2080 万 kWh*y 和 2480 万 kWh*y 的发电和供热潜力,每年消除 119 600 000 吨二氧化碳当量的温室气体,以及 6518 万欧元的资本投资吸引力。此外,所有污水污泥都将经过消毒和稳定化程序,以确保其安全利用。这项研究的结果为广泛的利益相关者提供了一个评估广泛采用沼气技术的环境和经济效益的机会。所开发的方法可通过使用即时预测和情景预测为管理决策提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Concentration of Silver from Recycling of Fine Powder of Wasted Videogame Printed Circuit Boards through Reverse Froth Flotation and Magnetic Separation Processes 通过反浮选和磁分离工艺从废弃视频游戏印刷电路板细粉回收中提炼银
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040060
Rubén Flores-Campos, Rosa Hilda Estrada-Ruiz, Mario Rodríguez-Reyes, Diego Martínez-Carrillo, A. Martínez-Luévanos
Electronic waste stream grows day by day; printed circuit boards are a kind of solid waste that accounts for 6% of electronic waste. When these are discarded, they can cause soil, water, and air contamination; however, if recycled, these can be considered as a secondary source of metals. Physical comminution of printed circuit boards generates particles with sizes smaller than 250 µm, which are typically not included in the recycling process because they are considered as dust and unvaluable; nevertheless, precious and base metals can be found in these particles. The concentration of metals like silver, among others, from these particles can be achieved by reverse froth flotation in a flotation column followed by magnetic separation of the tails products. A mass balance of the flotation column feed, concentrate, and tails indicates that using a pulp modified with 5 ppm methyl isobutyl carbinol plus 5 g/ton oleic acid (both biodegradable reagents), the concentration of the products improved, resulting in recoveries of 86.13 and 13.87% in the concentrate and tails zones, respectively, with a grade of 74.4% in the tails flow. Magnetic separation of the tails product increases slightly the concentration of silver, reaching a silver grade of 74.5%, a recovery amount similar to those obtained employing complex and environmentally unfriendly processes.
电子废物流与日俱增;印刷电路板是一种固体废物,占电子废物的 6%。当这些印刷电路板被丢弃时,可能会造成土壤、水和空气污染;但如果回收利用,这些印刷电路板可被视为金属的二次来源。印刷电路板的物理粉碎过程会产生尺寸小于 250 微米的颗粒,这些颗粒通常不会被纳入回收流程,因为它们被视为灰尘,没有价值;然而,在这些颗粒中可以发现贵金属和贱金属。通过在浮选柱中进行反向泡沫浮选,然后对尾矿进行磁选,可以从这些颗粒中提炼出银等金属。浮选柱进料、精矿和尾矿的质量平衡表明,使用添加了 5 ppm 甲基异丁基甲醇和 5 克/吨油酸(均为可生物降解试剂)的矿浆,产品的浓度有所提高,精矿区和尾矿区的回收率分别为 86.13% 和 13.87%,尾矿流的品位为 74.4%。对尾矿产品进行磁选后,银的浓度略有提高,银的品位达到 74.5%,这一回收率与采用复杂且不环保工艺获得的回收率相近。
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引用次数: 0
A New Recycling Method through Mushroom Cultivation Using Food Waste: Optimization of Mushroom Bed Medium Using Food Waste and Agricultural Use of Spent Mushroom Substrates 利用厨余栽培蘑菇的新循环方法:利用厨余优化蘑菇床培养基和废蘑菇基质的农业利用
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040058
Babla Shingha Barua, Ami Nigaki, Ryota Kataoka
Food waste is generated in large amounts locally and globally, and requires expenditure for disposal. However, it has high nutritional value and almost no toxic components. Therefore, it can be returned to mushroom mediums for further use, leading to food waste circulation. Though disposing of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) after harvesting is an additional problem, there have been increased efforts to compost it and apply it to the soil for growing vegetables. This study, therefore, aimed to optimize (1) mushroom spawn production with rice hull, (2) mushroom substrates using food waste to accelerate food waste recycling, and (3) the utilization of SMS as an organic fertilizer. An optimal substrate composition and high yield were obtained at 120–140 g of food waste per bag among substrates from Pleorutus ostreatus and Pleorutus citrinopileatus; therefore, using a high ratio of food waste in the mushroom mediums was achieved. On the other hand, the SMS of P. citrinopileatus demonstrated higher plant biomass growth, at 36 g, than that of P. ostreatus, at 21.2 g, in a treatment using SMS + okara. The present discovery is that people may be encouraged to be mindful of food loss by the delivery of mushrooms and plants grown from agro/food waste to the dining table, and this circular system may therefore be used as a key resource in mushroom and plant cultivation and to achieve a zero-emission cycle.
当地和全球都会产生大量厨余垃圾,需要花费大量资金进行处理。然而,厨余具有很高的营养价值,几乎没有有毒成分。因此,它可以返回到蘑菇培养基中继续使用,从而实现食物垃圾循环。虽然采收后废弃蘑菇基质(SMS)的处理是一个额外的问题,但人们已加大力度对其进行堆肥,并将其应用于种植蔬菜的土壤中。因此,本研究旨在优化 (1) 利用稻壳生产蘑菇菌种;(2) 利用厨余制作蘑菇基质,以加速厨余循环;以及 (3) 将 SMS 用作有机肥料。在褶菇和香菇的基质中,每袋 120-140 克厨余可获得最佳基质成分和高产量;因此,在蘑菇培养基中使用高比例的厨余是可行的。另一方面,在使用 SMS + 黄原胶的处理中,柠檬褶菌的 SMS 显示出更高的植物生物量增长(36 克),比奥氏褶菌的 SMS(21.2 克)要高。目前的发现是,通过将农业/食品废弃物种植的蘑菇和植物送上餐桌,可以鼓励人们注意食物损耗,因此这种循环系统可用作蘑菇和植物种植的关键资源,并实现零排放循环。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Developments in Technology for Sorting Plastic for Recycling: The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence and the Rise of the Robots 塑料回收分类技术的最新发展:人工智能的出现和机器人的崛起
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040059
Cesar Lubongo, Mohammed A. A. Bin Daej, P. Alexandridis
Plastics recycling is an important component of the circular economy. In mechanical recycling, the recovery of high-quality plastics for subsequent reprocessing requires plastic waste to be first sorted by type, color, and size. In chemical recycling, certain types of plastics should be removed first as they negatively affect the process. Such sortation of plastic objects at Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) relies increasingly on automated technology. Critical for any sorting is the proper identification of the plastic type. Spectroscopy is used to this end, increasingly augmented by machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Recent developments in the application of ML/AI in plastics recycling are highlighted here, and the state of the art in the identification and sortation of plastic is presented. Commercial equipment for sorting plastic recyclables is identified from a survey of publicly available information. Automated sorting equipment, ML/AI-based sorters, and robotic sorters currently available on the market are evaluated regarding their sensors, capability to sort certain types of plastics, primary application, throughput, and accuracy. This information reflects the rapid progress achieved in sorting plastics. However, the sortation of film, dark plastics, and plastics comprising multiple types of polymers remains challenging. Improvements and/or new solutions in the automated sorting of plastics are forthcoming.
塑料回收是循环经济的重要组成部分。在机械回收中,要回收高质量的塑料进行后续再加工,首先需要按类型、颜色和尺寸对塑料垃圾进行分类。在化学回收中,应首先去除某些类型的塑料,因为它们会对回收过程产生负面影响。材料回收设施(MRF)对塑料物品的分类越来越依赖于自动化技术。分拣的关键是正确识别塑料类型。为此,人们越来越多地使用机器学习 (ML) 和人工智能 (AI) 来增强光谱学。本文重点介绍了 ML/AI 在塑料回收中应用的最新进展,并介绍了塑料识别和分拣的最新技术。通过对公开信息的调查,确定了用于分拣可回收塑料的商用设备。对市场上现有的自动分拣设备、基于 ML/AI 的分拣机和机器人分拣机的传感器、分拣特定类型塑料的能力、主要应用、吞吐量和准确性进行了评估。这些信息反映了塑料分拣领域取得的快速进步。然而,薄膜、深色塑料和由多种聚合物组成的塑料的分拣仍然具有挑战性。塑料自动分拣技术的改进和/或新的解决方案即将问世。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of the Effectiveness of Barrier Layers to Inhibit Mutagenic Effects of Recycled LDPE Films, Using a Miniaturized Ames Test and GC-MS Analysis 利用微型阿姆斯试验和气相色谱-质谱分析法研究阻隔层抑制回收低密度聚乙烯薄膜诱变作用的效果
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040057
Lukas Prielinger, S. Bandyopadhyay, Eva Ortner, Martin Novak, Tanja Radusin, Steffen Annfinsen, N. Sharmin, Bernhard Rainer, M. K. Pettersen
To fulfil the European Green Deal targets and implement a circular economy, there is an urgent need to increase recycling rates of packaging materials. However, before recycled materials can be used in food contact applications, they must meet high safety standards. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), a worst-case scenario must be applied and unknown substances must be evaluated as being potentially genotoxic. The Ames test, which detects direct DNA-reactive effects, together with chromatographic analysis is very promising to complement risk assessment. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of functional barriers in ten different samples, including virgin and recycled LDPE foils. FT-IR analysis did not show major differences between virgin and recycled films. Light microscopy revealed differences in quality and an increased number of particles. GC-MS analysis detected and quantified 35 substances, including eight unknowns. Using a miniaturized version of the Ames test, four of ten samples tested positive in two individual migrates up to a dilution of 12.5%. All virgin LDPE materials tested negative; however, recycled material F showed an increased mutagenic activity, with an n-fold induction up to 28. Samples with functional barriers lowered migration and reduced mutagenicity. Nonetheless, further investigations are needed to identify possible sources of contamination.
为了实现欧洲绿色交易目标和实施循环经济,迫切需要提高包装材料的回收率。然而,在将回收材料用于食品接触应用之前,它们必须达到很高的安全标准。根据欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)的规定,必须采用最坏情况假设,并对未知物质的潜在遗传毒性进行评估。艾姆斯试验可检测直接的 DNA 反应效应,它与色谱分析相结合,很有希望对风险评估起到补充作用。本研究旨在评估功能性屏障在十种不同样品(包括原生和回收的低密度聚乙烯箔)中的有效性。傅立叶变换红外分析显示,原生薄膜和回收薄膜之间并无重大差异。光学显微镜显示出质量上的差异和颗粒数量的增加。气相色谱-质谱分析检测并量化了 35 种物质,包括 8 种未知物质。使用微型化的艾姆斯测试法,10 个样品中有 4 个在稀释到 12.5% 的两个迁移测试中呈阳性。所有原生低密度聚乙烯材料的测试结果均为阴性;但回收材料 F 的诱变活性有所提高,诱变倍数高达 28 倍。带有功能性屏障的样品降低了迁移性和诱变性。不过,还需要进一步调查,以确定可能的污染源。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Nonmetallic Fraction Particles with the Double Purpose of Increasing the Mechanical Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Composite and Reducing the Pollution Associated with the Recycling of Metals from E-Waste 使用非金属馏分微粒具有双重目的:提高低密度聚乙烯复合材料的机械性能和减少从电子垃圾中回收金属所造成的污染
IF 4.6 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9040056
R. Flores-Campos, R. Deaquino-Lara, Mario Rodríguez-Reyes, R. Martínez-Sánchez, Rosa Hilda Estrada-Ruiz
A restorative process, where the nonmetallic fraction from e-waste printed circuit boards is reused as a raw material for the conformation of a new polymer matrix composite with increased properties favoring its industrial applications, is proposed with a zero residues approach. Low density polyethylene pellets and nonmetallic fraction particles were mixed, and due to the generation of static electricity during the mixing process, the nonmetallic particles became attached to the polyethylene pellets; the blended material was fed into a screw extruder, producing filaments of the new composite. Mechanical properties increased as the particles content increased, presenting an ultimate tensile strength going from 20 for the raw low-density polyethylene to more than 60 MPa, and a yield strength that goes from 10 to 50 MPa on the composite with 6.0 wt.% particles. Also, the flammability of the composite improved, reducing its linear burning rate and increasing the time between detachment of two consecutive drops. Nonmetallic fraction particles were oriented in the extrusion direction and had a good adhesion with the polyethylene matrix. These composites can be employed for the production of prototypes using additive manufacture.
我们提出了一种零残留的修复工艺,将电子废弃物印刷电路板中的非金属部分作为原材料重新利用,以形成一种新的聚合物基复合材料,这种复合材料具有更高的性能,有利于其工业应用。将低密度聚乙烯颗粒和非金属馏分颗粒混合,由于混合过程中产生静电,非金属颗粒附着在聚乙烯颗粒上;将混合材料送入螺杆挤压机,生产出新型复合材料丝。随着颗粒含量的增加,机械性能也随之提高,原始低密度聚乙烯的极限拉伸强度从 20 兆帕提高到 60 兆帕以上,颗粒含量为 6.0 wt.% 的复合材料的屈服强度从 10 兆帕提高到 50 兆帕。此外,复合材料的可燃性也得到了改善,降低了线性燃烧速率,延长了连续两滴之间的分离时间。非金属馏分颗粒在挤压方向上定向,与聚乙烯基体有良好的粘附性。这些复合材料可用于使用添加剂制造原型。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization Production of an Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus Using Wheat Bran as Sole Carbon Source 以麦麸为唯一碳源优化热羧酸链霉菌内β-1,4-木聚糖酶的生产
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9030050
Thi Ngoc Tran, C. Doan, Thi Kieu Loan Dinh, Thi Hai Ninh Duong, Thi Thuc Uyen Phan, Thi Thuy Loan Le, Trung Dung Tran, Pham Hung Quang Hoang, A. Nguyen, San-Lang Wang
Xylanases, key enzymes for hydrolyzing xylan, have diverse industrial applications. The bioprocessing of agricultural byproducts to produce xylanase through fermentation approaches is gaining importance due to its significant potential to reduce enzyme production costs. In this work, the productivity of Streptomyces thermocarboxydus TKU045 xylanase was enhanced through liquid fermentation employing wheat bran as the sole carbon source. The maximum xylanase activity (25.314 ± 1.635 U/mL) was obtained using the following optima factors: 2% (w/v) wheat bran, 1.4% (w/v) KNO3, an initial pH of 9.8, an incubation temperature of 37.3 °C, and an incubation time of 2.2 days. Xylanase (Xyn_TKU045) of 43 kDa molecular weight was isolated from the culture supernatant and was biochemically characterized. Analysis through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed a maximum amino acid identity of 19% with an endo-1,4-β-xylanase produced by Streptomyces lividans. Xyn_TKU045 exhibited optimal activity at pH 6, with remarkable stability within the pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. The enzyme demonstrated maximum efficiency at 60 °C and considerable stability at ≤70 °C. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 2-mercaptoethanol, Tween 20, Tween 40, and Triton X-100 positively influenced Xyn_TKU045, while Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and sodium dodecyl sulfate exhibited adverse impact. The kinetic properties of Xyn_TKU045 were a Km of 0.628 mg/mL, a kcat of 75.075 s−1 and a kcat/Km of 119.617 mL mg−1s−1. Finally, Xyn_TKU045 could effectively catalyze birchwood xylan into xylotriose and xylobiose as the major products.
木聚糖酶是水解木聚糖的关键酶,具有多种工业应用。由于具有降低酶生产成本的巨大潜力,通过发酵方法对农副产品进行生物加工以生产木聚糖酶正变得越来越重要。在这项工作中,以麦麸为唯一碳源,通过液体发酵提高了热羧酸链霉菌(Streptomyces thermocarboxydus TKU045)木聚糖酶的生产率。在使用以下最佳因子时,木聚糖酶活性最高(25.314 ± 1.635 U/mL):2%(w/v)麦麸、1.4%(w/v)KNO3、初始 pH 值为 9.8、培养温度为 37.3 °C、培养时间为 2.2 天。从培养上清液中分离出分子量为 43 kDa 的木聚糖酶(Xyn_TKU045),并对其进行了生化鉴定。液相色谱-串联质谱分析表明,Xyn_TKU045 与生化链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)产生的内切-1,4-β-木聚糖酶(endo-1,4-β-xylanase)氨基酸的最大相同度为 19%。Xyn_TKU045 在 pH 值为 6 时表现出最佳活性,在 pH 值为 6.0 至 8.0 的范围内具有显著的稳定性。该酶在 60 ℃ 时效率最高,在 ≤70 ℃ 时相当稳定。Mg2+、Mn2+、Ba2+、Ca2+、2-巯基乙醇、吐温 20、吐温 40 和 Triton X-100 对 Xyn_TKU045 有正面影响,而 Zn2+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+ 和十二烷基硫酸钠则有负面影响。Xyn_TKU045 的动力学特性为 Km 为 0.628 mg/mL,kcat 为 75.075 s-1,kcat/Km 为 119.617 mL mg-1s-1。最后,Xyn_TKU045 能有效地将桦木木聚糖催化成主要产物木三糖和木二糖。
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