Physiological Responses during Prolonged Immersed Static Apnea in Well-Trained Apneists

Maria D. Koskolou, Georgios Georgas, Anastasios Makris, Stylianos Kounalakis
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Abstract

Breath-hold diving has been traditionally practiced for professional and recreational reasons and has recently emerged as a competitive sport. The physiological response during breath-holding, also known as diving response, consists mainly of bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. Elite apneists can suppress the urge to breathe, sustain greater arterial desaturation and develop pronounced bradycardia, thus accomplishing impressively long breath-hold times. This study explored physiological responses during static apnea and their association with apnea duration in breath-hold divers with high physiological adaptations acquired from long-term apnea training. Nine well-trained competitive divers held their breath for as long as possible while floating motionlessly in a swimming pool (26–27 °C), simulating an actual “static apnea competition”. Long apnea durations (302 ± 60 s) as well as severe oxygen desaturation (minSaO2 46 ± 11%) and bradycardia (minHR 49 ± 8 bpm) were achieved. Apnea duration was positively correlated with forced vital capacity (r = 0.771) and apnea duration until initiation of desaturation (r = 0.736) and negatively correlated with minSaO2 (r = −0.672) (p < 0.05). Moreover, minHR during apnea was correlated with pre-apneic hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.685) (p < 0.05). The prolonged apnea durations achieved by the well-trained divers in this study, while performing maximum immersed static apnea under competitive simulated conditions, were related to their high lung volumes and their delayed and profound O2 desaturation, whereas their bradycardic response was not a decisive factor.
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训练有素的呼吸停停者在长时间浸入式静态呼吸停停时的生理反应
屏气潜水传统上是出于专业和娱乐的原因而进行的,最近才成为一项竞技运动。屏气时的生理反应,也称为潜水反应,主要包括心动过缓和周围血管收缩。优秀的屏息师可以抑制呼吸的冲动,维持更大的动脉去饱和并发展明显的心动过缓,从而实现令人印象深刻的长时间屏息。本研究探讨了长期呼吸暂停训练中获得高生理适应性的屏气潜水员在静态呼吸暂停期间的生理反应及其与呼吸暂停持续时间的关系。9名训练有素的竞技潜水员在游泳池(26-27°C)不动地漂浮时尽可能长时间地屏住呼吸,模拟一场真正的“静态呼吸暂停比赛”。呼吸暂停时间长(302±60秒),严重的氧饱和度(minSaO2 46±11%)和心动过缓(minHR 49±8 bpm)。呼吸暂停持续时间与强迫肺活量(r = 0.771)和呼吸暂停至去饱和起始时间(r = 0.736)呈正相关,与minSaO2呈负相关(r = - 0.672) (p <0.05)。此外,呼吸暂停期间的minHR与呼吸暂停前的血红蛋白浓度相关(r = 0.685) (p <0.05)。在本研究中,训练有素的潜水员在竞争性模拟条件下进行最大浸入式静态呼吸时,呼吸暂停持续时间较长,这与他们的高肺容量以及延迟和深度的氧去饱和有关,而他们的心动过缓反应并不是决定性因素。
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