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Body Condition in Small Ruminants—Effects of Nutrition on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonad Axis and Ovarian Activity That Controls Reproduction 小型反刍动物的体况--营养对控制繁殖的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴和卵巢活动的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia4020012
Ana Sofia Chaves, Filipe Silva, Ramiro Valentim, H. Quintas
Nutritional status plays a vital role in regulating ovary activity. This regulation is mediated by the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis and by effects exerted directly on the ovary. Therefore, to achieve the best reproductive performance, it is essential to know how the nutritional status affects the secretion of GnRH, gonadotrophins, and sex steroid hormones. Adequate body reserves and energy balance are critical for optimal reproductive performance in sheep and goats. However, over- or under-conditioned animals experience issues like extended anestrus, irregular ovarian cycles, and reduced conception. Body condition scoring allows for the evaluation of the relationships between adiposity, nutritional status, and fertility. Acute feed deficits briefly stimulate processes, but chronic restrictions suppress pulsatile LH release, disrupting ovarian function. The process of follicle development is a very complex one which involves intricate interactions between the pituitary gonadotrophins and metabolic hormones as well as between the locally produced factors by the ovarian somatic and germ cells including the IGF system and the TGF-β superfamily members. Genotype and nutrition are factors that have an impact on follicular development, and seasonal factors are also involved. This review will give a brief overview on how the body condition can be evaluated and the effects of nutrition on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis and ovarian activity, which are responsible for reproductive regulation. This paper presents a clear and reasonable summary of the pathway that runs from the nutritional status of small ruminants to ovarian activity through the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This review summarizes methods for body condition evaluation in small ruminants and evidence regarding acute versus prolonged nutritional impacts on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and ovarian activity controlling reproduction.
营养状况在调节卵巢活动方面起着至关重要的作用。这种调节是通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴以及直接对卵巢产生的影响来实现的。因此,要获得最佳的生殖能力,就必须了解营养状况如何影响 GnRH、促性腺激素和性甾体激素的分泌。充足的体内储备和能量平衡是绵羊和山羊获得最佳繁殖性能的关键。然而,体况过高或过低的动物会出现发情期延长、卵巢周期不规则和受孕率降低等问题。通过体况评分可以评估脂肪含量、营养状况和繁殖力之间的关系。急性饲料缺乏会短暂刺激卵巢发育过程,但长期限制会抑制 LH 的脉冲式释放,从而破坏卵巢功能。卵泡发育过程非常复杂,涉及垂体促性腺激素和代谢激素之间以及卵巢体细胞和生殖细胞局部产生的因子(包括 IGF 系统和 TGF-β 超家族成员)之间错综复杂的相互作用。基因型和营养是影响卵泡发育的因素,季节因素也参与其中。本综述将简要介绍如何评估身体状况以及营养对负责生殖调节的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴和卵巢活动的影响。本文对小型反刍动物的营养状况通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴影响卵巢活动的途径进行了清晰合理的总结。本综述总结了小型反刍动物体况评估方法,以及急性与长期营养对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴和控制繁殖的卵巢活动影响的相关证据。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding and Modeling the Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus: In Search of Better Treatment Options 了解脑积水的病理生理学并建立模型:寻找更好的治疗方案
Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia4020010
Verayna Newland, Lauren L. Jantzie, Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
Hydrocephalus is caused by an overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an obstruction of fluid movement, or improper reabsorption. CSF accumulation in the brain’s ventricles causes ventriculomegaly, increased intracranial pressure, inflammation, and neural cell injury. Hydrocephalus can arise from brain trauma, hemorrhage, infection, tumors, or genetic mutations. Currently, there is no cure for hydrocephalus. Treatments like shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomies are used, but, unfortunately, these therapeutic approaches require brain surgery and have high failure rates. The choroid plexus epithelium (CPe) is thought to be the major producer of CSF in the brain. It is a polarized epithelium that regulates ion and water movement from a fenestrated capillary exudate to the ventricles. Despite decades of research, control of electrolyte movement in the CPe is still not fully understood. This review discusses important transporters on the CPe, how some of these are regulated, and which of them could be potential targets for hydrocephalus treatment. To advance the development of hydrocephalus treatments, physiologically relevant preclinical models are crucial. This review covers some of the current animal and cell culture methods used to study hydrocephalus and highlights the need to develop standardized preclinical models that are used by multiple investigators in order to replicate critical findings and resolve controversies regarding potential drug targets.
脑积水是由脑脊液(CSF)分泌过多、液体流动受阻或重吸收不当引起的。脑脊液在脑室积聚会导致脑室肥大、颅内压增高、炎症和神经细胞损伤。脑积水可由脑外伤、出血、感染、肿瘤或基因突变引起。目前,还没有治愈脑积水的方法。目前使用的治疗方法包括分流术和内窥镜第三脑室造口术,但不幸的是,这些治疗方法都需要进行脑部手术,而且失败率很高。脉络丛上皮(CPe)被认为是脑内 CSF 的主要制造者。它是一种极化上皮,负责调节从毛细血管渗出物到脑室的离子和水分运动。尽管经过数十年的研究,人们对 CPe 中电解质运动的控制仍不完全了解。本综述将讨论 CPe 上的重要转运体、其中一些转运体是如何被调节的,以及哪些转运体可能成为治疗脑积水的潜在靶点。要推动脑积水治疗方法的开发,与生理相关的临床前模型至关重要。本综述涵盖了目前用于研究脑积水的一些动物和细胞培养方法,并强调了开发供多个研究者使用的标准化临床前模型的必要性,以便复制关键的研究结果并解决有关潜在药物靶点的争议。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Putative Causal Relationships between Blood-Based Biomarkers and Prediabetes-Induced Senescence: A Comprehensive Review 确定血液生物标志物与糖尿病前期诱发衰老之间的推定因果关系:全面综述
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia4020009
Nonkululeko Avril Mbatha, A. G. Mushebenge, A. Khathi
Prediabetes, a pivotal phase in glucose metabolism between normalcy and diabetes, exerts a profound influence on the aging process and the risk of age-related diseases. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate web of blood-based biomarkers that collectively expedite senescence, marking the transition from a state of health to age-related complications. Key findings underscore the significance of diverse biomarkers, such as telomere length, p16INK4a, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, DNA methylation clocks, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, circulating hormones, and additional factors such as folate, B12, and osteocalcin. Not only do these biomarkers serve as indicators of senescence but they also actively fuel chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation, all of which contribute to accelerated aging. The implications of this understanding are profound, as prediabetes emerges as a critical period in an individual’s life, influencing various physiological systems, including the vascular and neural systems, metabolic functions, hormonal regulation, and bone health. Recognizing the profound influence of prediabetes on senescence provides a foundation for personalized intervention strategies to mitigate age-related complications and promote healthy aging. Future research directions call for a more diverse array of biomarkers, the in-depth exploration of their roles, and the development of tailored precision medicine strategies to ensure a holistic understanding and effective management of prediabetes-induced senescence and its implications for aging. This knowledge has far-reaching implications for public health and clinical practice, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention in prediabetic individuals to enhance the quality of life in an aging population with diverse needs.
糖尿病前期是糖代谢介于正常与糖尿病之间的一个关键阶段,对衰老过程和老年相关疾病的风险有着深远的影响。这篇综述深入探讨了基于血液的生物标志物的复杂网络,它们共同加速了衰老,标志着从健康状态向老年相关并发症的过渡。主要研究结果强调了端粒长度、p16INK4a、衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)因子、DNA甲基化时钟、高级糖化终产物(AGEs)、炎症和氧化应激标志物、循环激素以及叶酸、B12 和骨钙素等其他因子等各种生物标志物的重要性。这些生物标志物不仅是衰老的指标,而且还积极助长慢性炎症、氧化应激和代谢失调,所有这些都会加速衰老。这一认识具有深远的意义,因为糖尿病前期是人一生中的关键时期,会影响各种生理系统,包括血管和神经系统、代谢功能、激素调节和骨骼健康。认识到糖尿病前期对衰老的深远影响,就为采取个性化干预策略以减轻与年龄有关的并发症和促进健康老龄化奠定了基础。未来的研究方向需要更多样化的生物标志物,深入探讨它们的作用,并开发量身定制的精准医疗策略,以确保全面了解和有效管理糖尿病前期诱导的衰老及其对衰老的影响。这些知识对公共卫生和临床实践具有深远影响,强调了对糖尿病前期患者进行早期检测和干预的必要性,以提高具有不同需求的老龄人口的生活质量。
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引用次数: 0
Decrease in Leptin Expression in the Liver after Prolonged Every-Other-Day Feeding in C57Bl/6 Male Mice C57Bl/6 雄性小鼠长期隔日喂食后肝脏中的瘦素表达量减少
Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia4010006
Katarzyna Piotrowska, Maciej Tarnowski, Patrycja Tomasiak, M. Czerewaty, K. Zgutka, Andrzej Pawlik
Background: The positive effects of prolonged every-other-day (EOD) feeding include decreased body weight and prolonged life span, but also changes in liver metabolism and functions. In the present paper, our aim was to examine the expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), leptin, and their receptors (ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, and LEPR) in the liver tissue of EOD-fed mice in comparison to ad libitum (AL)-treated mice. Methods: After 9 months of EOD treatment, liver tissue was harvested and prepared for analysis. RT-PCR, protein semi-quantitative estimation, and cellular immunolocalization was performed. Results: We noted a decreased expression of leptin in the liver tissue of the EOD male mice in comparison to the AL mice on the protein level. ADIPOQ receptor R1 protein expression was decreased in the liver of EOD-fed male mice, while the expression of ADIPOR2 on the protein level was increased in the EOD animals. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing ADIPOQ and leptin immunolocalization in the liver tissue in a dietary regime experiment. Decreases in leptin expression and IL-6 expression in liver tissue and increases in ADIPOR2 expression may be partly responsible for the beneficial effects of EOD treatment in the liver, including the decrease in inflammation. Further studies are needed to establish whether these changes depend on factors like the type of treatment, species, strain, gender, time of treatment, and others.
背景:延长隔日喂食(EOD)的积极影响包括体重下降和寿命延长,但也包括肝脏代谢和功能的变化。本文旨在研究与自由饮食(AL)处理的小鼠相比,EOD喂养小鼠肝组织中脂肪连素(ADIPOQ)、瘦素及其受体(ADIPOR1、ADIPOR2和LEPR)的表达情况。研究方法经过 9 个月的 EOD 处理后,采集肝脏组织并准备进行分析。进行 RT-PCR、蛋白质半定量评估和细胞免疫定位。结果:我们注意到,与AL小鼠相比,EOD雄性小鼠肝组织中的瘦素在蛋白质水平上的表达量有所下降。EOD雄性小鼠肝脏中ADIPOQ受体R1蛋白表达量减少,而EOD动物ADIPOR2蛋白水平表达量增加。结论:据我们所知,这是第一份在饮食制度实验中显示肝组织中ADIPOQ和瘦素免疫定位的报告。肝组织中瘦素表达和 IL-6 表达的减少以及 ADIPOR2 表达的增加可能是 EOD 治疗对肝脏产生有益影响(包括炎症减少)的部分原因。要确定这些变化是否取决于治疗类型、物种、品系、性别、治疗时间等因素,还需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Time-Course of Recovery for Biomarkers and Physical Performance after Strenuous Military Training: A Systematic Review 剧烈军事训练后生物标志物和体能恢复的时间过程:系统回顾
Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040046
Julius Granlund, H. Kyröläinen, M. Santtila, B. C. Nindl, K. Pihlainen, T. Ojanen
The objective of the present review was to evaluate the time-course of recovery of biochemical marker levels and physical performance after strenuous military training, and identify which biomarkers are affected. A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases MedLine (Ovid) and Web of Science (WoS) to identify studies until January 2023. Varying relevant search terms were used, related to military training, Special Forces, physical performance, and biomarkers. Records were based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. A variety of physiological and psychological markers were measured, and military training lasted from 4 to 62 days, with recovery periods varying from 24 h to 6 weeks. Among these studies, full recovery was observed in two studies, while seven studies showed almost full (79–90%) recovery, and in three studies, 44–63% of markers recovered after the measured recovery period. However, in some studies, additional markers could be defined as recovered, depending on the criterion for recovery. In the majority of the studies, most of the measured variables recovered during the follow-up, but often, some variables remained unrecovered, and at times, only modest recovery was seen. It is important to point out that recovery duration depends on the duration and intensity of the military training stressor. Overall, resolution varies between the markers, and sometimes, recovery might not occur, even after prolonged recovery. Therefore, it is important to measure the recovery status of soldiers with both biomarkers and physical performance markers, especially after strenuous training, to maximize operational capability during prolonged missions.
本综述旨在评估剧烈军事训练后生化标志物水平和体能恢复的时间过程,并确定哪些生物标志物会受到影响。我们使用 MedLine (Ovid) 和 Web of Science (WoS) 数据库进行了系统的文献检索,以确定 2023 年 1 月之前的研究。使用了与军事训练、特种部队、体能表现和生物标志物相关的不同检索词。记录基于严格的纳入和排除标准。有 12 项研究符合纳入标准,并被选入本综述。这些研究测量了各种生理和心理指标,军事训练持续时间从 4 天到 62 天不等,恢复期从 24 小时到 6 周不等。在这些研究中,有两项研究观察到完全恢复,有七项研究显示几乎完全恢复(79%-90%),有三项研究显示,44%-63%的指标在测量的恢复期后恢复。不过,在一些研究中,根据恢复标准的不同,还有一些标记物可以被定义为已恢复。在大多数研究中,大多数测量变量在随访期间都得到了恢复,但往往有些变量仍未恢复,有时仅有轻微恢复。必须指出的是,恢复持续时间取决于军事训练压力的持续时间和强度。总体而言,各指标的分辨率各不相同,有时即使经过长时间的恢复,也可能无法恢复。因此,使用生物标志物和体能标志物测量士兵的恢复状况非常重要,尤其是在剧烈训练之后,以便在长期任务中最大限度地提高作战能力。
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引用次数: 0
The Future of Chemotherapy: The Mechanisms and Benefits of Exercise in Taxane-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 化疗的未来:紫杉烷诱导周围神经病变的运动机制和益处
Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040042
Sumedha Shastry, David Mizrahi, Grace Kanzawa-Lee
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting side-effect resulting from numerous neurotoxic chemotherapies that damages the peripheral nerves, alters sensations in the hands and feet, causes burning and shooting pains, and impairs a patient’s quality of life (QoL). There are limited established interventions to help improve CIPN symptoms. There is only one pharmacological agent (Duloxetine) for treatment of CIPN; however, it only has mild benefit, signaling a critical need for alternative management options to manage patient symptoms. Multiple studies suggest therapeutic benefits of exercise in cancer care to improve physical and psychological functioning; however, the benefits regarding CIPN symptoms and physical function are less clear. This narrative review synthesizes research articles investigating the effect and mechanisms induced by different exercise programs for patients with taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) symptoms and function. The overall incidence, manifestations, characteristics, and mechanisms of CIPN are also discussed. While some studies in this narrative review demonstrated that exercise programs may have benefits on sensory and motor TIPN symptoms in some but not all patients, there are consistent benefits of improved QoL and physical function across most patients. This narrative review highlights the need for future research to confirm the effects of exercise for TIPN, with a focus on other important components, including the effect of exercise adherence, type, and supervision level.
化疗引起的周围神经病变(CIPN)是一种剂量限制的副作用,由许多神经毒性化疗引起,它损害周围神经,改变手脚的感觉,引起灼烧和射痛,并损害患者的生活质量(QoL)。帮助改善CIPN症状的现有干预措施有限。治疗CIPN的药物只有一种(度洛西汀);然而,它只有轻微的好处,这表明迫切需要替代的管理方案来管理患者的症状。多项研究表明,在癌症护理中,锻炼可以改善身体和心理功能;然而,对于CIPN症状和身体功能的益处尚不清楚。本文综述了不同运动方案对紫杉烷诱导的周围神经病变(TIPN)症状和功能的影响和机制的研究文章。本文还讨论了CIPN的发病、表现、特点和发病机制。虽然这篇叙述性综述中的一些研究表明,锻炼计划可能对一些但不是所有患者的感觉和运动TIPN症状有好处,但大多数患者的生活质量和身体功能的改善都有一致的好处。这篇叙述性综述强调了未来研究的必要性,以确认运动对TIPN的影响,重点关注其他重要组成部分,包括运动坚持、运动类型和监督水平的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Physiological Responses during Prolonged Immersed Static Apnea in Well-Trained Apneists 训练有素的呼吸停停者在长时间浸入式静态呼吸停停时的生理反应
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040041
Maria D. Koskolou, Georgios Georgas, Anastasios Makris, Stylianos Kounalakis
Breath-hold diving has been traditionally practiced for professional and recreational reasons and has recently emerged as a competitive sport. The physiological response during breath-holding, also known as diving response, consists mainly of bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. Elite apneists can suppress the urge to breathe, sustain greater arterial desaturation and develop pronounced bradycardia, thus accomplishing impressively long breath-hold times. This study explored physiological responses during static apnea and their association with apnea duration in breath-hold divers with high physiological adaptations acquired from long-term apnea training. Nine well-trained competitive divers held their breath for as long as possible while floating motionlessly in a swimming pool (26–27 °C), simulating an actual “static apnea competition”. Long apnea durations (302 ± 60 s) as well as severe oxygen desaturation (minSaO2 46 ± 11%) and bradycardia (minHR 49 ± 8 bpm) were achieved. Apnea duration was positively correlated with forced vital capacity (r = 0.771) and apnea duration until initiation of desaturation (r = 0.736) and negatively correlated with minSaO2 (r = −0.672) (p < 0.05). Moreover, minHR during apnea was correlated with pre-apneic hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.685) (p < 0.05). The prolonged apnea durations achieved by the well-trained divers in this study, while performing maximum immersed static apnea under competitive simulated conditions, were related to their high lung volumes and their delayed and profound O2 desaturation, whereas their bradycardic response was not a decisive factor.
屏气潜水传统上是出于专业和娱乐的原因而进行的,最近才成为一项竞技运动。屏气时的生理反应,也称为潜水反应,主要包括心动过缓和周围血管收缩。优秀的屏息师可以抑制呼吸的冲动,维持更大的动脉去饱和并发展明显的心动过缓,从而实现令人印象深刻的长时间屏息。本研究探讨了长期呼吸暂停训练中获得高生理适应性的屏气潜水员在静态呼吸暂停期间的生理反应及其与呼吸暂停持续时间的关系。9名训练有素的竞技潜水员在游泳池(26-27°C)不动地漂浮时尽可能长时间地屏住呼吸,模拟一场真正的“静态呼吸暂停比赛”。呼吸暂停时间长(302±60秒),严重的氧饱和度(minSaO2 46±11%)和心动过缓(minHR 49±8 bpm)。呼吸暂停持续时间与强迫肺活量(r = 0.771)和呼吸暂停至去饱和起始时间(r = 0.736)呈正相关,与minSaO2呈负相关(r = - 0.672) (p <0.05)。此外,呼吸暂停期间的minHR与呼吸暂停前的血红蛋白浓度相关(r = 0.685) (p <0.05)。在本研究中,训练有素的潜水员在竞争性模拟条件下进行最大浸入式静态呼吸时,呼吸暂停持续时间较长,这与他们的高肺容量以及延迟和深度的氧去饱和有关,而他们的心动过缓反应并不是决定性因素。
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引用次数: 0
Reliability of the 15-s Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate (VLamax) Test for Cycling 15-s最大乳酸积累率(VLamax)试验的可靠性
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040040
Christopher R. Harnish, Thomas C. Swensen, Deborah King
Background: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the reliability of two 15-s sprint cycling tests in men and women to estimate the maximum lactate accumulation rate (VLamax). Methods: Eighteen men and twelve women completed two sprint sessions over 1 week. A 10 min warm-up preceded the obtaining of a 3 µL blood lactate (BLC) sample, after which a 15 s sprint was completed; cyclists then rested passively while multiple lactate samples were taken until the levels peaked. Trial differences and reliability across trials were analyzed using a paired-sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation, Intraclass correlation (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis with α = 0.05 for all tests; data are reported as mean ± sd. Results: Power (W) was similar across trials (773.0 ± 143.5 vs. 758.2 ± 127.4; p = 0.333) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.7%. VLamax (mM·L−1·s−1) was similar (0.673 ± 0.024 vs. 0.635 ± 0.237; p = 0.280), but only moderately reliable across trials with CV, ICC, and R values of 18.6%, 0.661, and 0.67, respectively. Pre-BLC and peak BLC CV were 45.6 and 23.3%, respectively. Conclusions: A 15 s VLamax cycling sprint is moderately reliable, possibly affected both by the lactate measurement and other variables used in the calculation. More research may offer ways to improve reliability.
背景:本研究的目的是确定两个15秒冲刺自行车测试在男性和女性估计最大乳酸积累率(VLamax)的可靠性。方法:18名男性和12名女性在一周内完成了两次冲刺。在获得3µL血乳酸(BLC)样本前进行10分钟热身,然后进行15 s冲刺;然后骑车者被动休息,同时采集多个乳酸样本,直到乳酸水平达到峰值。采用配对样本t检验、Pearson相关、类内相关(ICC)和Bland-Altman分析分析试验间的试验差异和信度,所有试验均采用α = 0.05;数据以mean±sd报告。结果:各试验的功率(W)相似(773.0±143.5 vs 758.2±127.4;p = 0.333),变异系数(CV)为4.7%。VLamax (mM·L−1·s−1)相似(0.673±0.024∶0.635±0.237;p = 0.280),但在CV、ICC和R值分别为18.6%、0.661和0.67的试验中仅具有中等可靠性。BLC前CV和峰值CV分别为45.6%和23.3%。结论:15s VLamax循环冲刺具有中等可靠性,可能受到乳酸测量和计算中使用的其他变量的影响。更多的研究可能会提供提高可靠性的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of No-Till System with or without Cover Crops on Stomata Sensitivity of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybeans to Vapor Pressure Deficit 有无覆盖作物免耕制度对耐草甘膦大豆气孔对蒸汽压亏缺敏感性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040039
Jérôme Bernier Brillon, Matthieu Moingt, Marc Lucotte
Soybeans are vulnerable to drought and temperature increases potentially induced by climate change. Hydraulic dysfunction and stomatal closure to avoid excessive transpiration are the main problems caused by drought. The vulnerability of soybeans to drought will depend on the intensity and duration of water stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of cover crops (CCs) can influence the gas exchange potential of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans when the vapor pressure deficit (Vpd) increases. This two-year study was conducted in an open experimental field comprising direct seeding plots with or without CCs. Stomatal conductance (Gs) was measured five times on the same identified leaves following glyphosate-based herbicide application. These leaves were then collected in order to observe the stomata and foliar traits with a scanning electron microscope. The Vpd was calculated concomitantly to Gs measurements at the leaf surface. The results suggest that the use of CCs promotes phenotypic change in soybean leaves (more elaborate venation and a higher abaxial stomatal density), which in turn may enhance their tolerance to drier conditions. In 2019, Gs could be up to 29% higher in plots with CCs compared to those without CCs with similar Vpd values. This study shows that the benefits of using CCs can be observed via the morphological development strategies of the crop plants and their higher tolerance to drought.
大豆很容易受到气候变化可能引起的干旱和温度升高的影响。干旱造成的主要问题是水力功能障碍和气孔关闭以避免过度蒸腾。大豆对干旱的脆弱性将取决于水分胁迫的强度和持续时间。本研究的目的是确定当蒸汽压赤字(Vpd)增加时,覆盖作物(CCs)的使用是否会影响耐草甘膦大豆的气体交换潜力。这项为期两年的研究是在一个开放的试验田进行的,包括有或没有CCs的直接播种地块。使用草甘膦除草剂后,对同一鉴定叶片的气孔导度(Gs)进行了5次测量。收集这些叶片,用扫描电子显微镜观察气孔和叶片特征。Vpd与叶片表面的Gs测量值一起计算。结果表明,CCs的使用促进了大豆叶片的表型变化(更精细的脉络和更高的背面气孔密度),这反过来可能增强它们对干燥条件的耐受性。2019年,与Vpd值相似的无CCs地块相比,有CCs地块的Gs可能高出29%。本研究表明,使用CCs的好处可以通过作物的形态发育策略和更高的耐旱性来观察。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise on Adipokine Concentrations in Individuals with Moderate Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease 急性有氧运动对中度慢性肾病患者脂肪因子浓度的影响
Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3040038
Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez, James Kyle Taylor, Ricardo Torres, Dylan Wilburn, LesLee K. Funderburk, Dale C. Allison, Jeffrey S. Forsse
This study examined the effects of two different acute bouts of treadmill running (e.g., steady-state moderate-intensity exercise (SSE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)) on adipokine (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and omentin) concentrations in individuals with moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fourteen participants (8 females and 6 males) (age 58.7 ± 9.7, height (cm) 168.5 ± 9.7, weight (kg) 83.5 ± 18.2) were classified as having moderate stages of CKD (stages G3a and G3b; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 59 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Participants completed 30 min of either SSE at 65% oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) or HIIE for 3 min at a 90% VO2R separated by 2 min of slow walking (20% VO2R) in a randomized, crossover design on a treadmill. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1 h, and 24 h post exercise. Data were analyzed using a two by three repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in adiponectin (p < 0.353), leptin (p < 0.084), and omentin (p < 0.235) concentrations between SSE and HIIE. Similarly, no significant differences were seen between the sampled time points for either aerobic exercise condition. In conclusion, this study demonstrated there were no changes in adiponectin, leptin, or omentin concentrations when performing an acute bout of HIIE or SSE for 30 min, at 1 or 24 h post exercise. Future studies should seek to either increase the duration of the exercise bout or identify different adipokines to examine for patients experiencing moderate stages of CKD.
本研究检测了两种不同的急性跑步机运动(例如,稳态中等强度运动(SSE)和高强度间歇运动(HIIE))对中度慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)患者脂肪因子(例如,脂联素、瘦素和网膜)浓度的影响。14名参与者(8名女性,6名男性)(年龄58.7±9.7,身高(cm) 168.5±9.7,体重(kg) 83.5±18.2)被划分为中度CKD (G3a和G3b期;估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)在59至30 mL/min/1.73 m2之间)。在随机交叉设计中,参与者在跑步机上以65%耗氧量(VO2R)完成30分钟的SSE或以90%耗氧量(VO2R)完成3分钟的HIIE,其中2分钟慢走(20% VO2R)。在运动后基线、1小时和24小时采集静脉血样本。数据分析采用二乘三重复测量方差分析(p <0.05)。两组间脂联素含量差异无统计学意义(p <0.353),瘦素(p <0.084),网膜(p <SSE与HIIE之间的浓度差异为0.235)。同样,两种有氧运动条件下的采样时间点之间也没有显著差异。总之,本研究表明,在运动后1或24小时进行30分钟的HIIE或SSE急性发作时,脂联素、瘦素或网膜蛋白浓度没有变化。未来的研究应该寻求增加运动回合的持续时间或确定不同的脂肪因子来检查中度CKD患者。
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引用次数: 1
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Physiologia
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