Broad Brush Surveys: a rapid qualitative assessment approach for water and sanitation infrastructure in urban sub-Saharan cities

IF 2.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Frontiers in Sustainable Cities Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI:10.3389/frsc.2023.1185747
Melissa Nel, Melvin Simuyaba, Justina Muchelenje, Taonga Chirwa, Musonda Simwinga, Vanessa Speight, Zenzile Mhlanga, Heinz Jacobs, Nicole Nel, Janet Seeley, Erastus Mwanaumo, Lario Viljoen, Graeme Hoddinott, Virginia Bond
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Abstract

Introduction Broad Brush Surveys (BBS) are a rapid, qualitative assessment approach using four meta-indicators -physical features, social organization, social networks and community narratives - to gauge how local context interfaces with service/intervention options, implementation and uptake. Methods In 2021, responding to rapid urbanization and the accompanying need for water and sanitation services, BBS was innovatively applied by social scientists and engineers to assess water and sanitation infrastructure, both formal and informal, in two African cities - Lusaka and Cape Town. In four urban communities, identified with local stakeholders, BBS data collection included: four mapping group discussions with local stakeholders (participants = 24); eight transect walks/drives; 60 structured observations of water and sanitation options, transport depots, health facilities, weekends, nights, rainy days; seven mixed gender focus group discussions (FGDs) with older and young residents (participants = 86); 21 key-informant interviews (KII, participants = 21). Results Findings were rapidly summarized into community profiles, including narrative reports, maps and posters, and first discussed with community stakeholders, then at national/provincial levels. The meta-indicator framework and set sequence of qualitative activities allowed the detail on water and sanitation to gradually emerge. For example, the mapping discussion identified water sources considered a risk for waterborne infections, further observed in the transect walks and then structured observations, which compared their relative condition and social interactions and what local residents narrated about them. FGDs and KIIs elaborated on the control of these sources, with nuanced detail, including hidden sources and the use of different water sources for different activities also emerging. Discussion We demonstrated that despite some limitations, BBS provided useful insight to systems and social processes surrounding formal and informal water and sanitation infrastructure in and across designated urban areas. Furthermore, BBS had the potential to galvanize local action to improve infrastructure, and illuminated the value of informal options in service delivery.
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大刷式调查:撒哈拉以南城市水和卫生基础设施的快速定性评估方法
概略式调查(BBS)是一种快速的定性评估方法,使用四个元指标——物理特征、社会组织、社会网络和社区叙述——来衡量当地环境如何与服务/干预方案、实施和吸收相结合。2021年,为了应对快速城市化以及随之而来的对水和卫生服务的需求,社会科学家和工程师创新性地将BBS应用于两个非洲城市卢萨卡和开普敦的正式和非正式水和卫生基础设施评估。在四个与当地利益相关者认同的城市社区,BBS数据收集包括:与当地利益相关者进行四次绘图小组讨论(参与者= 24);8条横断面步行/开车;60次对供水和卫生选择、运输仓库、保健设施、周末、夜间、雨天进行有组织的观察;与老年和年轻居民进行的7次混合性别焦点小组讨论(参与者= 86);21个关键信息提供者访谈(KII,参与者= 21)。研究结果被迅速总结为社区概况,包括叙述性报告、地图和海报,并首先与社区利益相关者进行讨论,然后在国家/省一级进行讨论。元指标框架和定性活动的既定顺序使水和卫生的细节逐渐显现出来。例如,绘图讨论确定了被认为有水传播感染风险的水源,在样带步行中进一步观察,然后进行结构化观察,比较它们的相对状况和社会互动以及当地居民对它们的叙述。FGDs和kii详细阐述了对这些水源的控制,其中包括隐藏的水源以及不同活动使用不同水源的细节。我们证明,尽管存在一些局限性,BBS为在指定的城市地区和整个地区围绕正式和非正式的水和卫生基础设施的系统和社会过程提供了有用的见解。此外,论坛有可能激励地方采取行动改善基础设施,并阐明非正式选择在提供服务方面的价值。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
7.10%
发文量
176
审稿时长
13 weeks
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