Media Reform and Prospects for Peace and Conflict-Sensitive Journalism in Nigeria: A Critical Appraisal of International and African Research on Media and Peacebuilding

IF 1.7 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE African Security Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI:10.1080/19392206.2023.2274235
Maame Aboagyewaa Peterson, Russell Smandych, Temitope Oriola, Muhammad Kabir Yusuf
{"title":"Media Reform and Prospects for Peace and Conflict-Sensitive Journalism in Nigeria: A Critical Appraisal of International and African Research on Media and Peacebuilding","authors":"Maame Aboagyewaa Peterson, Russell Smandych, Temitope Oriola, Muhammad Kabir Yusuf","doi":"10.1080/19392206.2023.2274235","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper offers a critical assessment of the role that the media, and in particular peace and conflict-sensitive journalism, can play in peacebuilding in African countries with a primary focus on the history and roles of the media in Nigeria. The theoretical lenses offered by post-colonial and southern criminologies, along with emancipatory peace, global, and human rights journalism are deployed to engage with the prospects and challenges for peace and conflict-sensitive journalism in Nigeria. Overall, this paper aims to serve as a resource material for further research on the role of the media in Nigeria’s conflicts.KEYWORDS: African studiesconflict-sensitive journalismemancipatory peacehuman rightsinsurgency Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Ahmed K. Nigerian Media: Let’s Stop Ethnic Profiling!,” Premium Times. 20212. Galtung J, editor. Towards a grand theory of negative and positive peace: Peace, security and conviviality. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.; 2008.3. Iqbal M.Z,& Hussain S. Conflict and Peace Journalism Role of Media in Pakistan. Strategic Studies. 2017;37(2):90–1084. Prager A, & Hameleers, M. Disseminating information or advocating peace? Journalists’ role perceptions in the face of conflict. Journalism. 2021;22(2):395–4135. Tenenboim-Weinblatt K, Hanitzsch T, Nagar R. Beyond peace journalism: Reclassifying conflict narratives in the Israeli news media. Journal of Peace Research. 2016;53(2):151–656. Adebayo JO. Reporting African Elections: Towards a Peace Journalism Approach.London: Routledge; 2019.7. Arregui C, Thomas, R., & Kilby, A. Peace journalism in theory and practice: Kenyan and foreign correspondent perspectives. Online2020.8. Mano W, editor. Peace and conflict reporting: An African perspective. London: Routledge.; 2022.9. Maweu J & Mare, A., editor. Introduction: Changing the tide: Re-examining the interplay of media, conflict and peacebuilding in Africa. London: Routledge; 2021.10. Our ongoing project on “Reframing Media Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and Counterterrorism in Nigeria: Toward a New Multi-Disciplinary Criminology-Mass Communication Stakeholder Approach” (2020–2023) is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, with additional support from the Universities of Manitoba and Alberta in Canada, and the Department of Mass Communication and Center for the Peace and Anti-Conflict Journalism, at Baze University, in Abuja, Nigeria.11. Aslam R. Global patriotism: Is peace journalism a solution? online: Springer; 2021.12. Keeble R.L. Peace journalism: Alternative perspectives. Online: Springer; 2021.13. Pearson M. Global justice, factual reporting and advocacy journalism. Online: Springer; 2021.14. Ward S.J.A. Democratically engaged journalism and extremism. Online: Springer; 2021.15. Justino P, & Santos, R. Employment and household welfare. In: Mac Ginty R, editor. Handbook of peacebuilding. Abingdon,UK: Routledge; 2013. p. 263–75.16. Asogwa C.E & Asemah E.S. New commercialization, objective journalism practice and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. CS Canada Higher Education of Social Science. 2012;3(2):27–3417. Eti C.I. Objectivity and balance in conflict reporting: Imperatives for the Niger Delta press. The Journal of African Studies. 2009;3:91–10418. Owolabi T.O.S, editor. Reporting conflicts and violence in a plural-ethnic society and the challenge of objectivity. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.2017.19. Galtung J, & Fischer D. Positive and Negative Peace. Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. p. 173–8.20. Gouse V, Valentin-Llopis M, Perry S, & Nyamwange B. An investigation of the conceptualization of peace and war in peace journalism studies of media coverage of national and international conflicts. Media, War & Conflict. 2019;12(4):435–4921. Lynch J & McGoldrick A. Responses to peace journalism. Journalism. 2013;14(8):1041–5810.1177/146488491246417522. Gavilán M.T.N. Framing the news: from political conflict to peace. How the Framing Theory and Political Context Model can enhance the peace journalism model. Journal of Latin American Communication Research. 2011;1(2):48–6123. Jacob U.U.J. Communitarianism, ethics and the burden of journalistic objectivity: Reflections of “Peace Journalists” covering the Boko Haram insurgency. In: Shaw I, Selvarajah S, editors. Reporting Human Rights, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding. Online 2019. p. 103–18.24. On Nigeria see: Abdulbaqi & Ariemu, 2017; Adisa, 2016; Chiluwa, 2011; Chiluwa & Chiluwa, 2022; Ette & Joe, 2019; Doki & Buhari, 2013; Hamid & Baba, 2014; Jimoh, 2015; Jimoh & Kayode, 2019; Musa & Ferguson, 2013; Musa & Yusha’u, 2013; Okoro, Ajaero, & Nwachukwu, 2017; Pate & Dauda, 2015; Polonska-Kimunguyi & Gillespie, 2017; Shehu & Alhassan, 2018; Shehu & Dalhatu, 2020; Shedu & Mohammed, 2021. On other African countries, see: Adongo, Awobamise and Chidiebere, 2018; Arregui, Thomas & Kilby, 2020; Rodny-Gumede, 2016; Tayeebwa, Gahama & Lumumba-Kasongo, 2017. For examples of comparable international and regional studies, see: Elman, Haand & Sadiq, 2021; Khan, Rehman, & Khan, 2020; Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Hanitzsch, and Nagar, 2016.25. For examples of Nigerian and other African-based national and local peace-focused studies of conflict reporting by media outlets, and efforts to contribute to the growth of peace journalism practice, on Nigeria see: Adebayo, 2016a, 2016b; Adegbola & Zhang, 2022; Adisa, Mohammed & Ahmad, 2015; Amenaghawon, 2018; Babale & Nasidi, 2019; Babatunde, Ersoy, Miller & Theil, 2020; Ciboh, 2017; Dalhatu & Usman, 2019; Demaret & Langer, 2019; Demarest, Godefroidt, & Langer, 2020; Demarest & Langer (2021); Dunu, Ugbo, & Bebenimibo, 2018; Ezebuenyi, Alpha & Ogochukwu, 2019; Gever, 2019; Jacob, 2019; Jibrin & Jimoh, 2017; Ndinojuo, 2018; Obijiofor, 2009; Okoro & Odemelam, 2013; Olomojobi, 2017; Omojola & Yartey, 2016; Pate & Oso, 2017; Udoh, Udosen & Tommy, 2019. On other African countries, see: Adebayo, 2019; Chasi & Rodny-Gumede, 2019; Makamani, 2019; Mano, 2022; Maweu & Mare, 2021; Mare, 2019; Moyo, 2021; Ntulume, 2022; Ogenga, 2020; Tayeebwa, 2016; Yar’Adua & Msughter, 2020. For examples of studies of international media involvement in peace and conflict-sensitive reporting and national and local studies carried outside of Africa, see: Barajas, 2016; Iqbal & Hussain, 2017; Islam & Hasan, 2022; McKenzie, 2019; Orgeret, 2022; Prager & Hameleers, 2021; Youngblood, 2017.26. Pepple I.I & Acholonu I.J. Media ethics as key to sound professionalism in Nigerian journalism practice. Journalism and Mass Communication. 2018;8(2):56–6727. Hanitzsch T. Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory. Journalism Studies. 2004;5(4):483–9510.1080/1461670041233129641928. Kempf W. Towards a theory and (better) practice of peace journalism. Conflict and Communication. Online. 2017;16(2):1–1629. Bläsi B. Implementing peace journalism: The role of conflict stages. Conflict & Communication. 2009;8(2)30. Mutsvairo B, & Ronning. The Janus face of social media and democracy? Reflections on Africa. Media, Culture & Society. 2020;42:317–2831. Aslam R. Building peace through journalism in the social/alternate media. Media and Communication. 2016;4(1):63–7932. Best M.L. Emerging markets: Peacebuilding in a networked world. Viewpoints: Communications of the ACM. 2013;56(4):30–333. Bratic V. Peacebuilding in the age of new media. Media and Communication. 2016;4(1):1–334. Comninos A. The role of social media and user-generated content in post-conflict peacebuilding. 2013.35. Tellidis I, & Kappler S. Information and communication technologies in peacebuilding: Implications, opportunities and challenges. Cooperation and Conflict. 2016;51(1):75–9310.1177/001083671560375236. Mpofu S, editor. Of beaches, monkeys and good old days: How social media race-talk is dismantling the “rainbow nation.” London: Routledge.; 2021.37. See: Maweu and Mare, 2021; Moyo, 2021; Mpofu, 2021; Munoriyarwa, 2021; Ndolovu, 2021; Tayeebwa, Gahama & Lumba-Kasongo, 2017.38. Moyo D, editor. A critical reflection on the role of the media in conflict in Africa. In J. Maweu & A. Mare. London: Routledge.; 2021.39. Ndlovu M, editor. “Walking through history” together: Gukurahundi, memory and the role of digital media in shaping “post conflict” Zimbabwe. London: Routledge; 2021.40. See: Adebiyi, 2020; Chiluwa & Adegoke, 2013; Chiluwa & Ifukor, 2015; Dauda, Abubakar & Lawan, 2017; Ette & Joe, 2018; Ogbondah & Agbese, 2018; Tachia, 2019; Uzuegbunam & Omenugha, 2018.41. Munoriyarwa A, editor. We have degrees in violence: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of online constructions of electoral violence in post-2000 Zimbabwe. London: Routledge; 2021.42. Musa A.O. Socio-economic incentives, new media and the Boko Haram campaign of violence in Northern Nigeria. Journal of African Media Studies. 2012;4(1):111–2443. Ogbondah C.W &Agbese PO. Terrorists and social media messages: A critical analysis of Boko Haram’s messages and messaging techniques. In: Mutsvairo B, editor. The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication Research in Africa. online 2018. p. 313–45.44. Chiluwa I,& Adegoke A. Twittering the Boko Haram uprising in Nigeria: Investigating pragmatic acts in the social media. Africa Today. 2013;59(3):83–10245. Ette M, & Joe S. “Rival visions of reality:” An analysis of the framing of Boko Haram in Nigerian newspapers and Twitter. Media, War and Conflict. 2018;11(4):392–40646. Tachia N. The role of social media in farmers-herdsmen crisis in Nigeria: An appraisal. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):32–847. Stanislas P, & Iyah I. Changing religious influences, young people, crime and extremism in Nigeria. In: Sadique K, Stanislas P, editors. Religion, Faith and Crime. online2016.48. Omenugha K.A, Uzuegbunam C.E, & Omenugha O.N. Good governance and media ownership in Nigeria: Dilemmatic practices, stoic challenges. Global Media Journal, African Edition. 2013;7(2):92–11549. Dauda S, Abubakar, A. A., & Lawan, A. K. Discursive devices, social media and conflict discourse in Nigeria. Oso UAPL, editor. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.; 2017.50. Adebiyi K. Mitigating the Impact of Media Reporting of Terrorism – Case Study of the #BringBackOurGirls Campaign. The Hague: ICCT International Centre for Counter-Terrorism:Strategic Communications Project Report; 2020.51. Oriola T.B. Framing and movement outcomes: the# BringBackOurGirls movement. Third World Quarterly. 2021;42(4):641–6052. Chiluwa I, & Ifukor P. “War against our children:” Stance and evaluation in #BringBackOurGirls campaign discourse on Twitter and Facebook. Discourse and Society. 2015;62(3):267–9653. Akpojivi U. Media Reforms and Democratization in Emerging Democracies of Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan.; 2019.54. As part of our ongoing Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council project we have undertaken work on two literature data bases that compile and summarize published research on these topics that has been completed by Nigerian-based and international media scholars and other researchers. These data bases, entitled “Media Content Analysis Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and State Counter-terrorism in Nigeria – A Descriptive Summary Database” and “International and Nigerian Research on Media Theories and Media Industry Roles – A Descriptive Summary Database,” have been worked on collectively by project co-investigators and research assistants, and are currently being made available upon request and will be archived on our project website when completed.55. Ette M. Journalism and Politics in Nigeria: Embers of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press; 2021.56. Okoro N, & Chinweobo-Onuoha B. Journalists’perception of brown envelope syndrome and its implications for journalism practice in Nigeria. Covenant Journal of Communication. 2013;1(2)57. Abubakar A.A, & Dauda, S., editor. Cross-fertilisation or monolithic journalism: Which approach to post-century journalism training in Nigeria? Concordia Ontario, Canada:Association of Communication Scholars and Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN). 2016.58. Zenn J, & Pieri Z. How much takfir as too much takfir? The evolution of Boko Haram’s factionalization. Journal of Deradicalization. 2017(11)59. Mbah P, Nwangwu C, & Edeh H.C. Elite politics and the emergence of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. Trames. 2017;21(2):173–9060. Onwuegbuchulam S.P.C. Dialogue between the cross and the crescent: towards an effective peacebuilding strategy and transformation of religious conflicts in Nigeria 2014.61. Oboh G.E. Ethnocentrism in African politics: The Nigerian experience. African Studies Review. 2020;79(4):463–77.62. Okafor O.N, Opara M, & Adebisi F. Whistleblowing and the fight against corruption and fraud in Nigeria: Perceptions of anti-corruption agents (ACAs). 202063. Demarest L, Langer A. Reporting on electoral violence in Nigerian news media: “Saying it as it is”? African Studies Review. 2019;62(4):83–10964. Udoh G, Udosen C.B, & Tommy G. The handling of peace journalism by select local news tabloids in Akwa Ibom state. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):1–965. Ezebuenyi E E, Alpha G, & Ogochukwu O.C. Exploring the use of appropriate media mix in addressing security challenges of herdsmen attack on farming communities. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):128–3966. Adisa R.M. Conflict sensitive journalism and newspaper coverage of Jos conflict. Entrepreneurial Journal of Management Sciences. 2012;1(1):174–8867. Dunu I.V, Ugbo G.O, & Bebenimibo P. Conflict sensitive journalism and intercultural dialogue as a bridge to inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria. International Journal of International Relations, Media and Mass Communication Studies. 2018;4(3):8–2568. Babatunde A.O, Ersoy M, Miller L,& Thiel S. Co-creating sustainable peace in Nigeria: Applying prior success of peace journalism. International Journal on World Peace. 2020;37(2):11–3669. Abudulsalam L.U. The place of media in NSRP conflict sensitive communication. Oso UAPL, editor. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.; 2017.70. Adebayo J.O. Fostering nonviolent elections in Africa through conflict-sensitive reportage of elections. African Security Review. 2016;25(3):303–1510.1080/10246029.2016.119152171. Pate U.A, Oso, L., & Jibril, A. Status of training and research in reporting conflict, peace journalism and safety education in English speaking West Africa: The cases of Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Journalism Education. 2018;6(2):28–36.72. Unaegbu L.N, editor. Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics? Goteborg: Nordicom.; 2019.73. Demarest L, Godefroidt A, & Langer A. Understanding news coverage of religious-based violence: Media representations of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Journal of Communication. 2020;70:548–7374. The following list of references comprise only a partial list of Professor Pate’s many significant publications (Pate, 2011a, 2011b; Pate, 2017; Pate, Oso & Taraba, 2018; Pate & Abubakar, 2013; Pate & Dauda, 2013, 2015; Pate & Dauda, 2020; Pate, Gambo & Ibrahim, 2019; Pate & Ibrahim, 2021; Pate & Idris, 2017, 2019; Pate & Oso, 2017; Pate, Oso & Jibril, 2018).75. Koli U.A. Hail to Prof. Umaru Pate. ThisDay. December 20, 2020.76. Sabo A. Prof Umaru Pate: The rise of a gentleman. January 8, 2021.77. Pwanagba A. Peace journalism can contribute to Nigeria’s progress if adopted – Dr Obateru. Daily Post Nigeria 21 May 2021.78. Jacob U.U.J. US Embassy AUN Workshop on Peace Journalism May 31-June 1: Workshop Report Yola, Adamawa State,Nigeria: American University of Nigeria.; 2016.79. Bauchi AA. Nigerian journalists advised to shift from traditional to peace journalism. 2021.80. Adebanwi W. Nation as grand narrative: The Nigerian press and the politics of meaning. Rochester: University of Rochester Press; 2016.81. The Nigerian component of our current three-year (2020–2023) project on “Reframing Media Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and Counterterrorism in Nigeria: Toward a New Multi-Disciplinary Criminology-Mass Communication Stakeholder Approach” is based out of the Peace and Anti-Conflict Journalism Research Center at Baze University, under the directorship of Dr. Muhammad Kabir Yusuf.82. Online at: https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/organisations/cppbi/?location=nigeria&theme83. Tejumaiye A, and Adelabu, O., editor. Mass media and governance: Issues and challenges in contemporary Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press.2011.84. Byrne S, and Irvin, C., editor. Reconcilable differences: Turning points in ethnopolitical conflict : Kumarian Press.2000.85. Yusha’u M.J. Regional parallelism and corruption scandals in Nigeria: Intranational approaches to African media systems. Cham Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan; 2018.86. Akpojivi U. Democratising the media in the new democracies of Ghana and Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. African Journalism Studies. 2014;35(3):86–10387. Mabika, V., & Ogu, E. C. Internet Impact Brief: Nigeria’s Protection from Internet Falsehood and Manipulation Bill 2019.2022.doi:https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2022/internet-impact-brief-nigerias-protection-from-internet-falsehood-and-manipulation-bill-2019/88. Tejumaiye A, Adelabu O. Mass media and governance: Issues and challenges in contemporary Nigeria. In: Oso L, Pate U.A, editors. Mass Media and Society in Nigeria. Second ed. Lagos: Malthouse Press; 2011. p. 63–76.89. Christopher N.M, and Onwuka O. Media ethics in the development of journalism in Nigeria. Central European Journal of Communication. 2013;1:33–5090. We refer here to organizations and regulatory bodies like the (hopefully reformed) Nigerian Press Council (NPC), the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ), the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE), the Broadcasting Organization of Nigeria (BON), the Nigerian Association of Women Journalists (NAWOJ), and the Nigerian Peace Journalists Network (Jacob, 2019; Pepple & Acholonu, 2018; Touitou, 2017).91. Youngblood, S. Peace Journalism Principles and Practices: Responsibility Reporting Conflicts, Reconciliation, and Solutions. New York: Routledge.201792. Adebayo J.O. The impact of peace journalism training on journalists’ reportage of the 2015 elections in Nigeria: An action research case study. Communication: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research. 2016;42(3):361–7793. Adegbola O, and Zhang, W. Examining determinants of adherence to peace journalism: Empathy, reporting efficacy, and perceived journalistic roles. Media, War and Conflict. 2022;15:280–9794. Onwuegbuchulan S.P.C. A dialogue between the cross and the crescent: Towards effective peacebuilding and the transformation of religious conflicts in Nigeria. In: Babalola D, Onapajo H, editors. Nigeria, a Country Under Siege: Issues of Conflict and its Management. Newcastle on Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2018. p. 202–26.95. Lederach’s theory is also commonly referred to in peacebuilding and peace and conflict studies literature as “transformative peacebuilding theory” (Paffenholz, 2014, p. 25).96. Lederach J.P. Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies: United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, DC; 1997.97. Paffenholz T. International peacebuilding goes local: analysing Lederach’s conflict transformation theory and its ambivalent encounter with 20 years of practice. Peacebuilding. 2014;2(1):11–2798. Leonardsson H, and Rudd, G. The “local turn” in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly 2015;36(5):825–3999. Christie R, and Algar-Faria, G. Timely interventions: Temporality and peacebuilding. Journal of International Security. 2020;5:155–78100. Okyere J. Peacebuilding through the lens of an emancipatory peacebuilding paradigm: A reflection on methodologies, interventions, and principles. Journal for Peace and Justice Studies. 2021;30(1):173–86.101. Oloke I, Lindsay, P., & Byrne, S. he intersection of critical emancipatory peacebuilding and social enterprise: A dialogical approach to social entrepreneurship. Treaties and Documents. Journal of Ethnic Studies. 2018;81:67–86102. Paffenholz T. Unpacking the local turn in peacebuilding: A critical assessment and agenda for future research. Third World Quarterly. 2015;36(5):857–74.103. Ogenga F, editor. Researching Africa peace journalism through borderlands: A theoretical and methodological exploration. London: Routledge; 2021.104. Sowo F, editor. The role of the media in conflict and peacebuilding in Sierra Leone. London: Routledge; 2021.105. Maweu J, editor. Catalysts of conflict or messengers of peace? Promoting interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims in Kenya through the media. London: Routledge.; 2021.106. For example, see: Agozino, 2003; 2005, 2014; 2017; Brown, 2021; Carrington, Hogg, Scott, & Sozzo, 2018; Cunneen, 2011; Cunneen & Tauri, 2016; Dimou, 2021; Moosavi, 2019; Oriola, 2006; Tauri, 2013.107. Viriri A, & Mungwini, P. African cosmology and the duality of Western hegemony: The search for an African identity. Journal of Pan African Studies. 2010;3(6):27–42.108. Chasi C, & Rodny-Gumede, Y., editor. An ubuntu approach to peace journalism. Namibia University of Science and Technology: African Peacebuilding Network.; 2019.109. Shaw I.S, editor. Human rights journalism: A critical conceptual framework of a complementary strand of peace journalism. Sydney: Sydney University Press; 2011.110. More recently, Shaw (2021) has developed his human rights journalism approach further and applied it specifically to issues related to the prospects and challenges of mediating peacebuilding in Africa and specifically Nigeria.111. Or, alternatively-termed, “glocal” (Aas, 2013).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [430-2020-00164].","PeriodicalId":44631,"journal":{"name":"African Security","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"African Security","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2023.2274235","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"POLITICAL SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a critical assessment of the role that the media, and in particular peace and conflict-sensitive journalism, can play in peacebuilding in African countries with a primary focus on the history and roles of the media in Nigeria. The theoretical lenses offered by post-colonial and southern criminologies, along with emancipatory peace, global, and human rights journalism are deployed to engage with the prospects and challenges for peace and conflict-sensitive journalism in Nigeria. Overall, this paper aims to serve as a resource material for further research on the role of the media in Nigeria’s conflicts.KEYWORDS: African studiesconflict-sensitive journalismemancipatory peacehuman rightsinsurgency Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Ahmed K. Nigerian Media: Let’s Stop Ethnic Profiling!,” Premium Times. 20212. Galtung J, editor. Towards a grand theory of negative and positive peace: Peace, security and conviviality. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.; 2008.3. Iqbal M.Z,& Hussain S. Conflict and Peace Journalism Role of Media in Pakistan. Strategic Studies. 2017;37(2):90–1084. Prager A, & Hameleers, M. Disseminating information or advocating peace? Journalists’ role perceptions in the face of conflict. Journalism. 2021;22(2):395–4135. Tenenboim-Weinblatt K, Hanitzsch T, Nagar R. Beyond peace journalism: Reclassifying conflict narratives in the Israeli news media. Journal of Peace Research. 2016;53(2):151–656. Adebayo JO. Reporting African Elections: Towards a Peace Journalism Approach.London: Routledge; 2019.7. Arregui C, Thomas, R., & Kilby, A. Peace journalism in theory and practice: Kenyan and foreign correspondent perspectives. Online2020.8. Mano W, editor. Peace and conflict reporting: An African perspective. London: Routledge.; 2022.9. Maweu J & Mare, A., editor. Introduction: Changing the tide: Re-examining the interplay of media, conflict and peacebuilding in Africa. London: Routledge; 2021.10. Our ongoing project on “Reframing Media Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and Counterterrorism in Nigeria: Toward a New Multi-Disciplinary Criminology-Mass Communication Stakeholder Approach” (2020–2023) is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, with additional support from the Universities of Manitoba and Alberta in Canada, and the Department of Mass Communication and Center for the Peace and Anti-Conflict Journalism, at Baze University, in Abuja, Nigeria.11. Aslam R. Global patriotism: Is peace journalism a solution? online: Springer; 2021.12. Keeble R.L. Peace journalism: Alternative perspectives. Online: Springer; 2021.13. Pearson M. Global justice, factual reporting and advocacy journalism. Online: Springer; 2021.14. Ward S.J.A. Democratically engaged journalism and extremism. Online: Springer; 2021.15. Justino P, & Santos, R. Employment and household welfare. In: Mac Ginty R, editor. Handbook of peacebuilding. Abingdon,UK: Routledge; 2013. p. 263–75.16. Asogwa C.E & Asemah E.S. New commercialization, objective journalism practice and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. CS Canada Higher Education of Social Science. 2012;3(2):27–3417. Eti C.I. Objectivity and balance in conflict reporting: Imperatives for the Niger Delta press. The Journal of African Studies. 2009;3:91–10418. Owolabi T.O.S, editor. Reporting conflicts and violence in a plural-ethnic society and the challenge of objectivity. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.2017.19. Galtung J, & Fischer D. Positive and Negative Peace. Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. p. 173–8.20. Gouse V, Valentin-Llopis M, Perry S, & Nyamwange B. An investigation of the conceptualization of peace and war in peace journalism studies of media coverage of national and international conflicts. Media, War & Conflict. 2019;12(4):435–4921. Lynch J & McGoldrick A. Responses to peace journalism. Journalism. 2013;14(8):1041–5810.1177/146488491246417522. Gavilán M.T.N. Framing the news: from political conflict to peace. How the Framing Theory and Political Context Model can enhance the peace journalism model. Journal of Latin American Communication Research. 2011;1(2):48–6123. Jacob U.U.J. Communitarianism, ethics and the burden of journalistic objectivity: Reflections of “Peace Journalists” covering the Boko Haram insurgency. In: Shaw I, Selvarajah S, editors. Reporting Human Rights, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding. Online 2019. p. 103–18.24. On Nigeria see: Abdulbaqi & Ariemu, 2017; Adisa, 2016; Chiluwa, 2011; Chiluwa & Chiluwa, 2022; Ette & Joe, 2019; Doki & Buhari, 2013; Hamid & Baba, 2014; Jimoh, 2015; Jimoh & Kayode, 2019; Musa & Ferguson, 2013; Musa & Yusha’u, 2013; Okoro, Ajaero, & Nwachukwu, 2017; Pate & Dauda, 2015; Polonska-Kimunguyi & Gillespie, 2017; Shehu & Alhassan, 2018; Shehu & Dalhatu, 2020; Shedu & Mohammed, 2021. On other African countries, see: Adongo, Awobamise and Chidiebere, 2018; Arregui, Thomas & Kilby, 2020; Rodny-Gumede, 2016; Tayeebwa, Gahama & Lumumba-Kasongo, 2017. For examples of comparable international and regional studies, see: Elman, Haand & Sadiq, 2021; Khan, Rehman, & Khan, 2020; Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Hanitzsch, and Nagar, 2016.25. For examples of Nigerian and other African-based national and local peace-focused studies of conflict reporting by media outlets, and efforts to contribute to the growth of peace journalism practice, on Nigeria see: Adebayo, 2016a, 2016b; Adegbola & Zhang, 2022; Adisa, Mohammed & Ahmad, 2015; Amenaghawon, 2018; Babale & Nasidi, 2019; Babatunde, Ersoy, Miller & Theil, 2020; Ciboh, 2017; Dalhatu & Usman, 2019; Demaret & Langer, 2019; Demarest, Godefroidt, & Langer, 2020; Demarest & Langer (2021); Dunu, Ugbo, & Bebenimibo, 2018; Ezebuenyi, Alpha & Ogochukwu, 2019; Gever, 2019; Jacob, 2019; Jibrin & Jimoh, 2017; Ndinojuo, 2018; Obijiofor, 2009; Okoro & Odemelam, 2013; Olomojobi, 2017; Omojola & Yartey, 2016; Pate & Oso, 2017; Udoh, Udosen & Tommy, 2019. On other African countries, see: Adebayo, 2019; Chasi & Rodny-Gumede, 2019; Makamani, 2019; Mano, 2022; Maweu & Mare, 2021; Mare, 2019; Moyo, 2021; Ntulume, 2022; Ogenga, 2020; Tayeebwa, 2016; Yar’Adua & Msughter, 2020. For examples of studies of international media involvement in peace and conflict-sensitive reporting and national and local studies carried outside of Africa, see: Barajas, 2016; Iqbal & Hussain, 2017; Islam & Hasan, 2022; McKenzie, 2019; Orgeret, 2022; Prager & Hameleers, 2021; Youngblood, 2017.26. Pepple I.I & Acholonu I.J. Media ethics as key to sound professionalism in Nigerian journalism practice. Journalism and Mass Communication. 2018;8(2):56–6727. Hanitzsch T. Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory. Journalism Studies. 2004;5(4):483–9510.1080/1461670041233129641928. Kempf W. Towards a theory and (better) practice of peace journalism. Conflict and Communication. Online. 2017;16(2):1–1629. Bläsi B. Implementing peace journalism: The role of conflict stages. Conflict & Communication. 2009;8(2)30. Mutsvairo B, & Ronning. The Janus face of social media and democracy? Reflections on Africa. Media, Culture & Society. 2020;42:317–2831. Aslam R. Building peace through journalism in the social/alternate media. Media and Communication. 2016;4(1):63–7932. Best M.L. Emerging markets: Peacebuilding in a networked world. Viewpoints: Communications of the ACM. 2013;56(4):30–333. Bratic V. Peacebuilding in the age of new media. Media and Communication. 2016;4(1):1–334. Comninos A. The role of social media and user-generated content in post-conflict peacebuilding. 2013.35. Tellidis I, & Kappler S. Information and communication technologies in peacebuilding: Implications, opportunities and challenges. Cooperation and Conflict. 2016;51(1):75–9310.1177/001083671560375236. Mpofu S, editor. Of beaches, monkeys and good old days: How social media race-talk is dismantling the “rainbow nation.” London: Routledge.; 2021.37. See: Maweu and Mare, 2021; Moyo, 2021; Mpofu, 2021; Munoriyarwa, 2021; Ndolovu, 2021; Tayeebwa, Gahama & Lumba-Kasongo, 2017.38. Moyo D, editor. A critical reflection on the role of the media in conflict in Africa. In J. Maweu & A. Mare. London: Routledge.; 2021.39. Ndlovu M, editor. “Walking through history” together: Gukurahundi, memory and the role of digital media in shaping “post conflict” Zimbabwe. London: Routledge; 2021.40. See: Adebiyi, 2020; Chiluwa & Adegoke, 2013; Chiluwa & Ifukor, 2015; Dauda, Abubakar & Lawan, 2017; Ette & Joe, 2018; Ogbondah & Agbese, 2018; Tachia, 2019; Uzuegbunam & Omenugha, 2018.41. Munoriyarwa A, editor. We have degrees in violence: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of online constructions of electoral violence in post-2000 Zimbabwe. London: Routledge; 2021.42. Musa A.O. Socio-economic incentives, new media and the Boko Haram campaign of violence in Northern Nigeria. Journal of African Media Studies. 2012;4(1):111–2443. Ogbondah C.W &Agbese PO. Terrorists and social media messages: A critical analysis of Boko Haram’s messages and messaging techniques. In: Mutsvairo B, editor. The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication Research in Africa. online 2018. p. 313–45.44. Chiluwa I,& Adegoke A. Twittering the Boko Haram uprising in Nigeria: Investigating pragmatic acts in the social media. Africa Today. 2013;59(3):83–10245. Ette M, & Joe S. “Rival visions of reality:” An analysis of the framing of Boko Haram in Nigerian newspapers and Twitter. Media, War and Conflict. 2018;11(4):392–40646. Tachia N. The role of social media in farmers-herdsmen crisis in Nigeria: An appraisal. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):32–847. Stanislas P, & Iyah I. Changing religious influences, young people, crime and extremism in Nigeria. In: Sadique K, Stanislas P, editors. Religion, Faith and Crime. online2016.48. Omenugha K.A, Uzuegbunam C.E, & Omenugha O.N. Good governance and media ownership in Nigeria: Dilemmatic practices, stoic challenges. Global Media Journal, African Edition. 2013;7(2):92–11549. Dauda S, Abubakar, A. A., & Lawan, A. K. Discursive devices, social media and conflict discourse in Nigeria. Oso UAPL, editor. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.; 2017.50. Adebiyi K. Mitigating the Impact of Media Reporting of Terrorism – Case Study of the #BringBackOurGirls Campaign. The Hague: ICCT International Centre for Counter-Terrorism:Strategic Communications Project Report; 2020.51. Oriola T.B. Framing and movement outcomes: the# BringBackOurGirls movement. Third World Quarterly. 2021;42(4):641–6052. Chiluwa I, & Ifukor P. “War against our children:” Stance and evaluation in #BringBackOurGirls campaign discourse on Twitter and Facebook. Discourse and Society. 2015;62(3):267–9653. Akpojivi U. Media Reforms and Democratization in Emerging Democracies of Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan.; 2019.54. As part of our ongoing Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council project we have undertaken work on two literature data bases that compile and summarize published research on these topics that has been completed by Nigerian-based and international media scholars and other researchers. These data bases, entitled “Media Content Analysis Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and State Counter-terrorism in Nigeria – A Descriptive Summary Database” and “International and Nigerian Research on Media Theories and Media Industry Roles – A Descriptive Summary Database,” have been worked on collectively by project co-investigators and research assistants, and are currently being made available upon request and will be archived on our project website when completed.55. Ette M. Journalism and Politics in Nigeria: Embers of the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press; 2021.56. Okoro N, & Chinweobo-Onuoha B. Journalists’perception of brown envelope syndrome and its implications for journalism practice in Nigeria. Covenant Journal of Communication. 2013;1(2)57. Abubakar A.A, & Dauda, S., editor. Cross-fertilisation or monolithic journalism: Which approach to post-century journalism training in Nigeria? Concordia Ontario, Canada:Association of Communication Scholars and Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN). 2016.58. Zenn J, & Pieri Z. How much takfir as too much takfir? The evolution of Boko Haram’s factionalization. Journal of Deradicalization. 2017(11)59. Mbah P, Nwangwu C, & Edeh H.C. Elite politics and the emergence of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. Trames. 2017;21(2):173–9060. Onwuegbuchulam S.P.C. Dialogue between the cross and the crescent: towards an effective peacebuilding strategy and transformation of religious conflicts in Nigeria 2014.61. Oboh G.E. Ethnocentrism in African politics: The Nigerian experience. African Studies Review. 2020;79(4):463–77.62. Okafor O.N, Opara M, & Adebisi F. Whistleblowing and the fight against corruption and fraud in Nigeria: Perceptions of anti-corruption agents (ACAs). 202063. Demarest L, Langer A. Reporting on electoral violence in Nigerian news media: “Saying it as it is”? African Studies Review. 2019;62(4):83–10964. Udoh G, Udosen C.B, & Tommy G. The handling of peace journalism by select local news tabloids in Akwa Ibom state. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):1–965. Ezebuenyi E E, Alpha G, & Ogochukwu O.C. Exploring the use of appropriate media mix in addressing security challenges of herdsmen attack on farming communities. NTAtvc Journal of Communication. 2019;3(2):128–3966. Adisa R.M. Conflict sensitive journalism and newspaper coverage of Jos conflict. Entrepreneurial Journal of Management Sciences. 2012;1(1):174–8867. Dunu I.V, Ugbo G.O, & Bebenimibo P. Conflict sensitive journalism and intercultural dialogue as a bridge to inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria. International Journal of International Relations, Media and Mass Communication Studies. 2018;4(3):8–2568. Babatunde A.O, Ersoy M, Miller L,& Thiel S. Co-creating sustainable peace in Nigeria: Applying prior success of peace journalism. International Journal on World Peace. 2020;37(2):11–3669. Abudulsalam L.U. The place of media in NSRP conflict sensitive communication. Oso UAPL, editor. Ibadan: Evans Brothers.; 2017.70. Adebayo J.O. Fostering nonviolent elections in Africa through conflict-sensitive reportage of elections. African Security Review. 2016;25(3):303–1510.1080/10246029.2016.119152171. Pate U.A, Oso, L., & Jibril, A. Status of training and research in reporting conflict, peace journalism and safety education in English speaking West Africa: The cases of Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Journalism Education. 2018;6(2):28–36.72. Unaegbu L.N, editor. Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics? Goteborg: Nordicom.; 2019.73. Demarest L, Godefroidt A, & Langer A. Understanding news coverage of religious-based violence: Media representations of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Journal of Communication. 2020;70:548–7374. The following list of references comprise only a partial list of Professor Pate’s many significant publications (Pate, 2011a, 2011b; Pate, 2017; Pate, Oso & Taraba, 2018; Pate & Abubakar, 2013; Pate & Dauda, 2013, 2015; Pate & Dauda, 2020; Pate, Gambo & Ibrahim, 2019; Pate & Ibrahim, 2021; Pate & Idris, 2017, 2019; Pate & Oso, 2017; Pate, Oso & Jibril, 2018).75. Koli U.A. Hail to Prof. Umaru Pate. ThisDay. December 20, 2020.76. Sabo A. Prof Umaru Pate: The rise of a gentleman. January 8, 2021.77. Pwanagba A. Peace journalism can contribute to Nigeria’s progress if adopted – Dr Obateru. Daily Post Nigeria 21 May 2021.78. Jacob U.U.J. US Embassy AUN Workshop on Peace Journalism May 31-June 1: Workshop Report Yola, Adamawa State,Nigeria: American University of Nigeria.; 2016.79. Bauchi AA. Nigerian journalists advised to shift from traditional to peace journalism. 2021.80. Adebanwi W. Nation as grand narrative: The Nigerian press and the politics of meaning. Rochester: University of Rochester Press; 2016.81. The Nigerian component of our current three-year (2020–2023) project on “Reframing Media Studies of Crime, Insurgencies, and Counterterrorism in Nigeria: Toward a New Multi-Disciplinary Criminology-Mass Communication Stakeholder Approach” is based out of the Peace and Anti-Conflict Journalism Research Center at Baze University, under the directorship of Dr. Muhammad Kabir Yusuf.82. Online at: https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/organisations/cppbi/?location=nigeria&theme83. Tejumaiye A, and Adelabu, O., editor. Mass media and governance: Issues and challenges in contemporary Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press.2011.84. Byrne S, and Irvin, C., editor. Reconcilable differences: Turning points in ethnopolitical conflict : Kumarian Press.2000.85. Yusha’u M.J. Regional parallelism and corruption scandals in Nigeria: Intranational approaches to African media systems. Cham Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan; 2018.86. Akpojivi U. Democratising the media in the new democracies of Ghana and Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. African Journalism Studies. 2014;35(3):86–10387. Mabika, V., & Ogu, E. C. Internet Impact Brief: Nigeria’s Protection from Internet Falsehood and Manipulation Bill 2019.2022.doi:https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2022/internet-impact-brief-nigerias-protection-from-internet-falsehood-and-manipulation-bill-2019/88. Tejumaiye A, Adelabu O. Mass media and governance: Issues and challenges in contemporary Nigeria. In: Oso L, Pate U.A, editors. Mass Media and Society in Nigeria. Second ed. Lagos: Malthouse Press; 2011. p. 63–76.89. Christopher N.M, and Onwuka O. Media ethics in the development of journalism in Nigeria. Central European Journal of Communication. 2013;1:33–5090. We refer here to organizations and regulatory bodies like the (hopefully reformed) Nigerian Press Council (NPC), the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ), the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE), the Broadcasting Organization of Nigeria (BON), the Nigerian Association of Women Journalists (NAWOJ), and the Nigerian Peace Journalists Network (Jacob, 2019; Pepple & Acholonu, 2018; Touitou, 2017).91. Youngblood, S. Peace Journalism Principles and Practices: Responsibility Reporting Conflicts, Reconciliation, and Solutions. New York: Routledge.201792. Adebayo J.O. The impact of peace journalism training on journalists’ reportage of the 2015 elections in Nigeria: An action research case study. Communication: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research. 2016;42(3):361–7793. Adegbola O, and Zhang, W. Examining determinants of adherence to peace journalism: Empathy, reporting efficacy, and perceived journalistic roles. Media, War and Conflict. 2022;15:280–9794. Onwuegbuchulan S.P.C. A dialogue between the cross and the crescent: Towards effective peacebuilding and the transformation of religious conflicts in Nigeria. In: Babalola D, Onapajo H, editors. Nigeria, a Country Under Siege: Issues of Conflict and its Management. Newcastle on Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2018. p. 202–26.95. Lederach’s theory is also commonly referred to in peacebuilding and peace and conflict studies literature as “transformative peacebuilding theory” (Paffenholz, 2014, p. 25).96. Lederach J.P. Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies: United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, DC; 1997.97. Paffenholz T. International peacebuilding goes local: analysing Lederach’s conflict transformation theory and its ambivalent encounter with 20 years of practice. Peacebuilding. 2014;2(1):11–2798. Leonardsson H, and Rudd, G. The “local turn” in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly 2015;36(5):825–3999. Christie R, and Algar-Faria, G. Timely interventions: Temporality and peacebuilding. Journal of International Security. 2020;5:155–78100. Okyere J. Peacebuilding through the lens of an emancipatory peacebuilding paradigm: A reflection on methodologies, interventions, and principles. Journal for Peace and Justice Studies. 2021;30(1):173–86.101. Oloke I, Lindsay, P., & Byrne, S. he intersection of critical emancipatory peacebuilding and social enterprise: A dialogical approach to social entrepreneurship. Treaties and Documents. Journal of Ethnic Studies. 2018;81:67–86102. Paffenholz T. Unpacking the local turn in peacebuilding: A critical assessment and agenda for future research. Third World Quarterly. 2015;36(5):857–74.103. Ogenga F, editor. Researching Africa peace journalism through borderlands: A theoretical and methodological exploration. London: Routledge; 2021.104. Sowo F, editor. The role of the media in conflict and peacebuilding in Sierra Leone. London: Routledge; 2021.105. Maweu J, editor. Catalysts of conflict or messengers of peace? Promoting interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims in Kenya through the media. London: Routledge.; 2021.106. For example, see: Agozino, 2003; 2005, 2014; 2017; Brown, 2021; Carrington, Hogg, Scott, & Sozzo, 2018; Cunneen, 2011; Cunneen & Tauri, 2016; Dimou, 2021; Moosavi, 2019; Oriola, 2006; Tauri, 2013.107. Viriri A, & Mungwini, P. African cosmology and the duality of Western hegemony: The search for an African identity. Journal of Pan African Studies. 2010;3(6):27–42.108. Chasi C, & Rodny-Gumede, Y., editor. An ubuntu approach to peace journalism. Namibia University of Science and Technology: African Peacebuilding Network.; 2019.109. Shaw I.S, editor. Human rights journalism: A critical conceptual framework of a complementary strand of peace journalism. Sydney: Sydney University Press; 2011.110. More recently, Shaw (2021) has developed his human rights journalism approach further and applied it specifically to issues related to the prospects and challenges of mediating peacebuilding in Africa and specifically Nigeria.111. Or, alternatively-termed, “glocal” (Aas, 2013).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [430-2020-00164].
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尼日利亚媒体改革与和平与冲突敏感新闻的前景:对国际和非洲媒体与建设和平研究的批判性评价
A, Uzuegbunam C.E, & Omenugha O.N.尼日利亚的善治与媒体所有权:两难的实践,坚忍的挑战。传媒学报,2013;7(2):92-11549。杜达·S,阿布巴卡尔,A·A·和拉万,A·k·话语装置、社交媒体与尼日利亚冲突话语。Oso UAPL,编辑。伊巴丹:埃文斯兄弟公司。2017.50. 减轻媒体对恐怖主义报道的影响——#把我们的女孩带回来运动的案例研究。海牙:ict国际反恐中心:战略传播项目报告;2020.51. Oriola T.B.框架和运动结果:# BringBackOurGirls运动。第三世界季刊。2021;42(4):641-6052。Chiluwa I, & Ifukor P.“对我们孩子的战争”:Twitter和Facebook上#把我们的女孩带回来”运动话语的立场和评价。话语与社会。2015;62(3):267-9653。撒哈拉以南非洲新兴民主国家的媒体改革与民主化。伦敦:Palgrave Macmillan出版社;2019.54. 作为我们正在进行的社会科学和人文研究理事会项目的一部分,我们已经承担了两个文献数据库的工作,这些数据库汇编和总结了尼日利亚和国际媒体学者和其他研究人员完成的关于这些主题的已发表研究。这些数据库名为“尼日利亚犯罪、叛乱和国家反恐的媒体内容分析研究-描述性摘要数据库”和“媒体理论和媒体行业角色的国际和尼日利亚研究-描述性摘要数据库”,由项目共同调查员和研究助理共同完成,目前可应要求提供,完成后将存档在我们的项目网站上。《尼日利亚的新闻与政治:帝国的余烬》。剑桥:剑桥学者出版社;2021.56. Okoro N, & Chinweobo-Onuoha B.记者对棕信封综合症的认知及其对尼日利亚新闻实践的影响。传媒学报,2013;1(2):57。阿布巴卡尔a.a.和道达,S,编辑。交叉融合还是单一新闻:尼日利亚的后世纪新闻培训方法是什么?加拿大安大略省康科迪亚:尼日利亚传播学者和专业人员协会。2016.58. 多少杉木算是太多的杉木?博科圣地派系化的演变。去极端化学报,2017(11):59。Mbah P, Nwangwu C, & Edeh H.C.精英政治与尼日利亚博科圣地叛乱的出现。电车。2017;21(2):173 - 9060。Onwuegbuchulam S.P.C.十字架与新月之间的对话:尼日利亚有效的和平建设战略和宗教冲突的转变2014.61。非洲政治中的种族中心主义:尼日利亚的经验。非洲研究,2020;79(4):463 - 767。奥卡福O.N,奥帕拉M . &阿德比西F.尼日利亚的举报与反腐败和欺诈斗争:对反腐败代理人(ACAs)的看法。202063. Demarest L, Langer A.报道尼日利亚新闻媒体的选举暴力:“实事求是”?非洲研究,2019;62(4):83-10964。Udoh G, Udosen C.B, & Tommy G.处理阿夸伊博姆州当地新闻小报的和平新闻。通信学报,2019;3(2):1-965。Ezebuenyi E E, Alpha G和Ogochukwu O.C.探索使用适当的媒体组合来应对牧民袭击农业社区的安全挑战。通信学报,2019;3(2):128-3966。Adisa R.M.冲突敏感新闻和报纸对乔斯冲突的报道。管理科学学报,2012;1(1):174-8867。Dunu i.v., Ugbo G.O, & Bebenimibo P.冲突敏感新闻和跨文化对话作为尼日利亚种族间冲突的桥梁。国际关系与传播研究,2018;4(3):8-2568。Babatunde A.O, Ersoy M, Miller L,& Thiel S.共同创造尼日利亚的可持续和平:应用和平新闻的先前成功。国际和平学报,2020;37(2):11-3669。卢志强。媒体在NSRP冲突敏感传播中的地位。Oso UAPL,编辑。伊巴丹:埃文斯兄弟公司。2017.70. 通过对冲突敏感的选举报道促进非洲的非暴力选举。非洲安全评论,2016;25(3):303-1510.1080/10246029.2016.119152171。Pate U.A, Oso, L.和Jibril, A.西非英语国家冲突报道、和平新闻和安全教育的培训与研究现状:加纳、尼日利亚和塞拉利昂的案例。新闻教育,2018;6(2):28-36.72。Unaegbu L.N,编辑。尼日利亚媒体的安全问题:性别动态?Goteborg: Nordicom。;2019.73. Demarest L, Godefroidt A, & Langer A.理解基于宗教的暴力的新闻报道:尼日利亚博科圣地的媒体表现。传播学杂志。
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