Modern approaches to morphofunctional dynamics of spermatogenesis process

Abstract

This paper summarises modern approaches to the morphofunctional dynamics of spermatogenesis as a complex dynamic process with well-organised cellular and molecular events, which includes three specific basic functional steps - spermatocytogenesis (mitosis), meiosis and spermiogenesis (differentiation with no cell division), and leads to sperm production. The first stage involves the differentiation of spermatogonia (small diploid germ cells) by mitotic division into primary spermatocytes. The second stage requires meiosis, in which diploid cells - spermatocytes form round haploid spermatids. The final stage of spermatogenesis involves the production of mature, motile spermatozoa from round spermatids in a process called spermiogenesis. At any of these stages, functional disorders can occur, which can lead to disruption of the whole process and infertility. To date, a comprehensive understanding of the cell biology and genetics of spermatogenesis is difficult as it takes place in a complex testicular environment, characterised by a close association of developing spermatozoa with additional cells. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify the study of the mechanisms of the morphofunctional dynamics of spermatogenesis and its regulation in general and at different stages.