Cross-Situational Word Learning in Children and Adults: The Case of Lexical Overlap

IF 1.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Language Learning and Development Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI:10.1080/15475441.2023.2256713
Viridiana L. Benitez, Ye Li
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Abstract

ABSTRACTCross-situational word learning, the ability to decipher word-referent links over multiple ambiguous learning events, has been documented across development and proposed to be key to vocabulary acquisition. However, this work has largely focused on learning from one-to-one structure, where each referent is consistently linked with a single label. In contrast, learners can encounter lexical overlap, such as when learning synonyms, which requires learning from structure that presents multiple labels linked with the same thing (many-to-one structure). Are children capable of cross-situational word learning from encounters presenting consistent lexical overlap? How does this ability change with age? Here, we provide a first test of cross-situational word learning from input presenting lexical overlap across age by testing 4- to 7-year-old children (N = 190) and adults (N = 80) on their ability to learn from one-to-one or two-to-one structure. Results showed that adults (Experiment 1) were successful at learning from both types of structure, with an advantage for one-to-one structure. Children (Experiment 2) performed less well than adults overall, and failed to learn from two-to-one structure. With extended training (Experiment 3), older children were successful at learning from two-to-one structure while younger children were not. These results provide the first evidence that cross-situational word learning from one-to-one and two-to-one structure improves over age. AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Cassandra Leedom, Gillian Bryant, Emily Fatula, Claire Mulholand, Kaitlin Mulvaney, and Susan Webber for their assistance in recruiting and testing our child participants, and Elaina Corbin for assistance in recruiting and testing our adult participants. A portion of the data was presented as part of a senior honors thesis by Elaina Corbin to the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University. We would like to especially thank the staff at the Children’s Museum of Phoenix for their support during data collection, and all college students, children, and parents who participated in our study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 The adult sample was pre-registered and collected after our child sample. However, we present the adult data first as this facilitates the interpretation of the child data.2 Our final sample size for each condition exceeded that of our target sample size in our pre-registration (N = 30 for each condition). After completing data collection for our pre-registered sample and analyzing the results, we began a replication study based on the effect size of learning in the Two-to-one condition in our pre-registered sample. This effort was interrupted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given our inability to continue our replication sample, we opted to combine our two samples in this report. Results with the combined sample were qualitatively similar to the smaller pre-registered sample. The results for the smaller pre-registered sample are reported in supplementary material on OSF: https://osf.io/w9hf53 When age was entered as a continuous variable in the model, results revealed a significant effect of age on children’s accuracy, matching the linear regression results. We believe we may be losing some power by including age as a categorical variable in the reported model.
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儿童和成人的跨情境词汇学习:词汇重叠的情况
摘要跨情景词汇学习,即在多个模糊学习事件中解读与词汇相关的联系的能力,在整个发展过程中都有文献记载,并被认为是词汇习得的关键。然而,这项工作主要集中在一对一结构的学习上,其中每个参考对象始终与单个标签相关联。相比之下,学习者可能会遇到词汇重叠,例如在学习同义词时,这需要从呈现与同一事物链接的多个标签的结构中学习(多对一结构)。儿童是否有能力从具有一致的词汇重叠的遭遇中进行跨情境的单词学习?这种能力如何随着年龄的增长而变化?在此,我们通过测试4- 7岁儿童(N = 190)和成人(N = 80)从一对一或二对一结构中学习单词的能力,提供了跨年龄词汇重叠输入的跨情境单词学习的第一个测试。结果表明,成人(实验1)在两种结构中都能成功学习,且一对一结构具有优势。儿童(实验2)总体表现不如成人,未能从二对一结构中学习。通过扩展训练(实验3),年龄较大的儿童能够成功地学习二对一结构,而年龄较小的儿童则不能。这些结果首次证明了一对一和二对一结构下的跨情境词汇学习能力随着年龄的增长而提高。我们要感谢Cassandra Leedom、Gillian Bryant、Emily Fatula、Claire mulholland、Kaitlin Mulvaney和Susan Webber协助招募和测试我们的儿童参与者,以及Elaina Corbin协助招募和测试我们的成人参与者。其中一部分数据是Elaina Corbin提交给亚利桑那州立大学心理学系的高级荣誉论文的一部分。我们要特别感谢凤凰城儿童博物馆的工作人员在数据收集过程中的支持,以及所有参与我们研究的大学生、儿童和家长。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1成人样本是在儿童样本之后进行预登记和采集的。然而,我们首先呈现成人数据,因为这有助于解释儿童数据每种情况下的最终样本量都超过了预注册时的目标样本量(每种情况下N = 30)。在完成预注册样本的数据收集和结果分析后,我们开始在预注册样本中基于二比一条件下学习的效应大小进行复制研究。由于2019冠状病毒病大流行,这一努力于2020年3月中断。鉴于我们无法继续复制样本,我们选择在本报告中合并我们的两个样本。联合样品的结果在质量上与较小的预注册样品相似。较小预注册样本的结果在OSF的补充材料中报道:https://osf.io/w9hf53当年龄作为模型中的连续变量输入时,结果显示年龄对儿童的准确性有显著影响,与线性回归结果相匹配。我们认为,将年龄作为报告模型中的一个分类变量可能会失去一些力量。
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