Geological heritage in the Northern Apuseni Mountains (Romania): Degradation risk assessment of selected geosites

Abstract

This study focuses on evaluating the geological heritage of the Northern Apuseni Mountains in Romania, assessing the scientific, educational and tourism value of various geological elements. Geological heritage elements, such as rocks, formations, fossils, structures, and landscapes, offer valuable insights into unique geological events or phenomena. Understanding their significance is crucial for conservation and management purposes. Our study aims to identify and assess the degradation risk of eleven selected geosites based on specific criteria related to their vulnerability to deterioration and potential human impact. The assessment revealed that three geosites, namely the type locality of dacite (Poieni), the paleontological reserve Snail Hill from Vidra, and the Upper Cretaceous rudist-bearing shallow-marine deposit from Crișului Valley, have a high degradation risk, necessitating the development of targeted geoconservation plans. For the Runcuri Karst Plateau, Tășad Geological Reserve, Bedeleu Massif, Turda Gorges, and Călugări Karst Spring, we obtained a moderate degradation risk. Possibility of deterioration of the main or secondary geological elements, deficiency of legal protection, and the easy access of a large number of tourists are the main factors to contribute to the increased degradation risk. Low degradation risk was found for the geological structures located in the Padiș Karst Plateau and Galbena Valley. Their location within the Apuseni Natural Park provides the framework for legal protection. The geological elements in the Sighiștel Valley also present a low risk of degradation due to their location in a little known and visited area. Our results provide a comprehensive evaluation of degradation risk for geosites in the Northern Apuseni Mountains, offering insights into the specific factors contributing to their vulnerability and highlighting the need for protective measures. The research outcomes contribute to the broader field of geological heritage conservation and management, providing guidance on the presentation of scientific information and promoting the understanding and appreciation of geosites. Effective promotion strategies can enhance awareness and encourage sustainable tourism while safeguarding these unique geological features.