Optimizing survey timing for detecting a declining aerial insectivore, the Black Swift ( Cypseloides niger borealis )

IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Avian Conservation and Ecology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI:10.5751/ace-02519-180210
Paul Levesque, Richard Feldman, Christine Rock, W. Gross
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Abstract

Much of the biology of Black Swifts (Cypseloides niger) is poorly known due to the species’ mostly aerial existence and cryptic nesting habitat. Important aspects of the biology of the northern subspecies of Black Swift (C. n. borealis) have been described in the past two decades, but the difficulty in locating and accessing Black Swift breeding sites constrains a range-wide understanding of the species’ biology and abundance, and ultimately, the cause(s) of its population decline. The most widely used method to determine Black Swift breeding site occupancy is to monitor suitable nesting habitat during the last hours of daylight (evening surveys) to detect the presence of adults attending nests (i.e., flying to or from a cliff face). Potentially, dawn surveys could result in more detections if adults reliably leave their nests or roost sites at first light, after overnight attendance. Because the effectiveness of occupancy surveys has not been quantified, we compared detection rates between evening surveys and surveys in the first hours of daylight (dawn surveys) at nine known breeding sites in southern British Columbia in 2018. Next, we measured how detections varied over the dawn period at eight active breeding sites surveyed between 2018–2020 and seven breeding sites surveyed in August 2020 in southern British Columbia and western Alberta. At low light levels, 5.38 times the number of birds/minute were detected, on average, during dawn surveys, compared with evening surveys, with dawn to evening detection ratios as high as 8.93 at some sites. During dawn surveys, detections peaked 8 to 9 min before sunrise and declined rapidly as light levels increased after sunrise. We suggest using dawn surveys to determine breeding site occupancy and prioritize areas for nest searches, monitoring, and habitat protection to ultimately aid in conserving Black Swifts.
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优化调查时间,以发现衰落的空中食虫动物黑雨燕(cyseloides niger borealis)
黑雨燕(cyseloides niger)的生物学大部分是鲜为人知的,因为该物种主要是在空中生存和隐蔽的筑巢栖息地。在过去的二十年里,人们对黑雨燕北部亚种(C. n. borealis)生物学的重要方面进行了描述,但定位和进入黑雨燕繁殖地的困难限制了对该物种生物学和丰度的广泛了解,并最终限制了对其种群下降原因的了解。确定黑燕繁殖地点占据情况最广泛使用的方法是在白天的最后几个小时(夜间调查)监测合适的筑巢栖息地,以发现是否有成年黑燕筑巢(即飞向或飞离悬崖)。如果成虫能在第一个黎明离开它们的巢穴或栖息地,在过夜后,黎明调查可能会导致更多的发现。由于占用调查的有效性尚未量化,我们比较了2018年不列颠哥伦比亚省南部9个已知繁殖地夜间调查和黎明调查(黎明调查)的检出率。接下来,我们测量了2018-2020年期间调查的八个活跃繁殖地和2020年8月在不列颠哥伦比亚省南部和阿尔伯塔省西部调查的七个繁殖地在黎明期间的探测变化情况。在低光照条件下,黎明调查平均每分钟检测到5.38倍的鸟,而在一些地点,黎明与夜晚的检测比高达8.93倍。在黎明调查中,探测在日出前8至9分钟达到峰值,并在日出后随着光照水平的增加而迅速下降。我们建议使用黎明调查来确定繁殖地点的占用情况,并优先考虑筑巢搜索,监测和栖息地保护的区域,最终有助于保护黑雨燕。
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来源期刊
Avian Conservation and Ecology
Avian Conservation and Ecology BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION-ORNITHOLOGY
CiteScore
2.20
自引率
7.10%
发文量
43
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Avian Conservation and Ecology is an open-access, fully electronic scientific journal, sponsored by the Society of Canadian Ornithologists and Birds Canada. We publish papers that are scientifically rigorous and relevant to the bird conservation community in a cost-effective electronic approach that makes them freely available to scientists and the public in real-time. ACE is a fully indexed ISSN journal that welcomes contributions from scientists all over the world. While the name of the journal implies a publication niche of conservation AND ecology, we think the theme of conservation THROUGH ecology provides a better sense of our purpose. As such, we are particularly interested in contributions that use a scientifically sound and rigorous approach to the achievement of avian conservation as revealed through insights into ecological principles and processes. Papers are expected to fall along a continuum of pure conservation and management at one end to more pure ecology at the other but our emphasis will be on those contributions with direct relevance to conservation objectives.
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