Genetic Contribution to Breast Cancer: A Critical Analysis of Penetrance Alleles as Susceptible Genes

Abstract

Breast cancer can develop either in the tubes connecting the lobules of milk-producing glands to the nipple or the lobules themselves. GLOBOCAN 2021 reported an estimated 14.1 million new instances of cancer, 8.2 million cancer-related deaths, and 32.6 million people who had cancer for at least five years after their diagnosis. The development of genomic instability enables the acquisition of functional cells to become cancerous allowing the survival, proliferation, and dissemination of malignancy. These cells develop distinctive abilities as a result of acquired rare genetic mutations. Multistep tumor growth is caused by a succession of clonal expansions that are set off by the accidental discovery of an enabling mutant genotype. Hence, it is vital to identify defective genes in breast cancer and breast cancer therapy to mitigate the need for treatment. Critical analyses of various defective genes are compiled in this review.