Fifteen Years of Millimeter Accuracy Lunar Laser Ranging with APOLLO: Data Reduction and Calibration

Abstract

Abstract The Apache Point Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) has been collecting lunar range measurements for 15 yr at millimeter accuracy. The median nightly range uncertainty since 2006 is 1.7 mm. A recently added Absolute Calibration System (ACS), providing an independent assessment of APOLLO system accuracy and the capability to correct lunar range data, revealed a ∼0.4% (10 ps) systematic error in the calibration of one piece of hardware that has been present for the entire history of APOLLO. The application of ACS-based timing corrections suggests systematic errors are reduced to <1 mm, such that overall data accuracy and precision are both ∼1 mm. This paper describes the processing of APOLLO/ACS data that converts photon-by-photon range measurements into the aggregated normal points that are used for science analyses. Additionally, we present methodologies to estimate timing corrections for range data lacking contemporaneous ACS photons, including range data collected prior to installation of the ACS. We also provide access to the full 15 yr archive of APOLLO normal points (2006 April 6–2020 December 27).