Time, Consciousness, and the Readiness Potential

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI:10.1027/0269-8803/a000304
Walter G. Sannita
{"title":"Time, Consciousness, and the Readiness Potential","authors":"Walter G. Sannita","doi":"10.1027/0269-8803/a000304","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Time, Consciousness, and the Readiness PotentialWalter G. SannitaWalter G. SannitaWalter G. Sannita, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 3, Largo P. Daneo, 16132 Genova, Italy[email protected] Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother/child sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Italy Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:June 27, 2022https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000304PDFView Full Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit SectionsMoreReferences Bader, F., & Wiener, M. (2021). Awareness of errors and feedback in human time estimation. Learning & Memory, 28(5), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.053108.120 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Binda, P., & Morrone, M. C. (2018). Vision during saccadic eye movements. Annual Review of Vision Science, 4, 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034317 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013). Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: Recent advances and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 625. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2009). Relative time sharing: New findings and an extension of the resource allocation model of temporal processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0022 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Buzsáki, G., Geisler, C., Henze, D. A., & Wang, X. J. (2004). Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring economy of cortical interneurons. Trends in Neurosciences, 27(4), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.02.007 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Celesia, G. G., & Sannita, W. G. (2013). Can patients in vegetative state experience pain and have conscious awareness? Neurology, 80(4), 328–329. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0928 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Cook, N. D., Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2014). From membrane excitability to metazoan psychology. Trends in Neurosciences, 37(12), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.011 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar De Corte, B. J., Navarro, V. M., & Wasserman, E. A. (2017). Non-cortical magnitude coding of space and time by pigeons. Current Biology, 27(23), R1264–R1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.029 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Deecke, L., Weinberg, H., & Brickett, P. (1982). Magnetic fields of the human brain accompanying voluntary movement: Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld. Experimental Brain Research, 48(1), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239582 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Drissi-Daoudi, L., Ögmen, H., Herzog, M. H., & Cicchini, G. M. (2020). Object identity determines trans-saccadic integration. Journal of Vision, 20(7), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.7.33 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Droit-Volet, S. (2013). Time perception, emotions and mood disorders. Journal of Physiology, Paris, 107(4), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.03.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eagleman, D. M. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eagleman, D. M., Tse, P. U., Buonomano, D., Janssen, P., Nobre, A. C., & Holcombe, A. O. (2005). Time and the brain: How subjective time relates to neural time. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(45), 10369–10371. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3487-05.2005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Edelman, D. B., & Seth, A. K. (2009). Animal consciousness: A synthetic approach. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(9), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.008 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eichenbaum, H. (2017). On the integration of space, time, and memory. Neuron, 95(5), 1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Herzog, M. H., Drissi-Daoudi, L., & Doerig, A. (2020). All in good time: Long-lasting postdictive effects reveal discrete perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(10), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.07.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Herzog, M. H., Kammer, T., & Scharnowski, F. (2016). Time slices: What is the duration of a percept? PLoS Biology, 14(4), Article e1002433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002433 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ivry, R. B., & Schlerf, J. E. (2008). Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ivry, R. B., & Spencer, R. M. (2004). The neural representation of time. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.013 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Koch, C. (2018). What is consciousness? Scientific American, 318(6), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0618-60 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016). Neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 17(5), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.22 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Kornhuber, H. H., & Deecke, L. R. (2016). Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials. Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology, 468(7), 1115–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-016-1852-3 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Kotchoubey, B., Vogel, D., Lang, S., & Müller, F. (2014). What kind of consciousness is minimal? Brain Injury, 28(9), 1156–1163. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.920523 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Science, 8(4), 529–566. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00044903 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., & Pearl, D. K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106(Pt 3), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/106.3.623 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Madl, T., Baars, B. J., & Franklin, S. (2011). The timing of the cognitive cycle. PLoS One, 6(4), Article e14803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014803 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Mauk, M. D., & Buonomano, D. V. (2004). The neural basis of temporal processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 307–340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144247 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Meck, W. H., Penney, T. B., & Pouthas, V. (2008). Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Merchant, H., Harrington, D. L., & Meck, W. H. (2013). Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36, 313–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Monti, M. M.Sannita, W. G. (Eds.). (2016). Brain function and responsiveness in the disorders of consciousness. Springer. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Morrone, M. C., Cicchini, M., & Burr, D. C. (2010). Spatial maps for time and motion. Experimental Brain Research, 206(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2334-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Neafsey, E. J. (2021). Conscious intention and human action: Review of the rise and fall of the readiness potential and Libet’s clock. Consciousness and Cognition, 94, Article 103171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103171 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ross, J., Morrone, M. C., Goldberg, M. E., & Burr, D. C. (2001). Changes in visual perception at the time of saccades. Trends in Neurosciences, 24(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01685-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Sannita, W. G. (2008). Neuronal functional diversity and collective behaviors. Journal of Biological Physics, 34(3–4), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10867-008-9097-9 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Sannita, W. G. (2014). Human brain physiology investigated in the disorder of consciousness. Frontiers in Neurology, 5, Article 211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00211 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Scharnowski, F., Rees, G., & Walsh, V. (2013). Time and the brain: Neurorelativity: The chronoarchitecture of the brain from the neuronal rather than the observer’s perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 51–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Schiff, N. D., Ribary, U., Moreno, D. R., Beattie, B., Kronberg, E., Blasberg, R., Giacino, J., McCagg, C., Fins, J. J., Llinás, R., & Plum, F. (2002). Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain. Brain, 125(Pt 6), 1210–1234. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf131 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Schurger, A., Hu, P., Pak, J., & Roskies, A. L. (2021). What is the readiness potential? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(7), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Tononi, G., & Koch, C. (2015). Consciousness: Here, there and everywhere? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 370(1668), Article 20140167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0167 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar White, P. A. (2018). Is conscious perception a series of discrete temporal frames? Consciousness and Cognition, 60, 98–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.012 First citation in articleCrossref, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 37Issue 2April 2023ISSN: 0269-8803eISSN: 2151-2124 ReceivedDecember 22, 2021RevisedApril 15, 2022AcceptedApril 30, 2022Published onlineJune 27, 2022 InformationJournal of Psychophysiology (2022), 37, pp. 122-124 https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000304.© 2022Hogrefe PublishingConflict of Interest:There is no conflict of interest to be disclosed.PDF download Funding: No funding has been requested or obtained.","PeriodicalId":0,"journal":{"name":"","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000304","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Time, Consciousness, and the Readiness PotentialWalter G. SannitaWalter G. SannitaWalter G. Sannita, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 3, Largo P. Daneo, 16132 Genova, Italy[email protected] Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother/child sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Italy Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:June 27, 2022https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000304PDFView Full Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit SectionsMoreReferences Bader, F., & Wiener, M. (2021). Awareness of errors and feedback in human time estimation. Learning & Memory, 28(5), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.053108.120 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Binda, P., & Morrone, M. C. (2018). Vision during saccadic eye movements. Annual Review of Vision Science, 4, 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034317 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013). Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: Recent advances and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 625. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2009). Relative time sharing: New findings and an extension of the resource allocation model of temporal processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0022 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Buzsáki, G., Geisler, C., Henze, D. A., & Wang, X. J. (2004). Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring economy of cortical interneurons. Trends in Neurosciences, 27(4), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.02.007 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Celesia, G. G., & Sannita, W. G. (2013). Can patients in vegetative state experience pain and have conscious awareness? Neurology, 80(4), 328–329. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0928 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Cook, N. D., Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2014). From membrane excitability to metazoan psychology. Trends in Neurosciences, 37(12), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.011 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar De Corte, B. J., Navarro, V. M., & Wasserman, E. A. (2017). Non-cortical magnitude coding of space and time by pigeons. Current Biology, 27(23), R1264–R1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.029 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Deecke, L., Weinberg, H., & Brickett, P. (1982). Magnetic fields of the human brain accompanying voluntary movement: Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld. Experimental Brain Research, 48(1), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239582 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Drissi-Daoudi, L., Ögmen, H., Herzog, M. H., & Cicchini, G. M. (2020). Object identity determines trans-saccadic integration. Journal of Vision, 20(7), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.7.33 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Droit-Volet, S. (2013). Time perception, emotions and mood disorders. Journal of Physiology, Paris, 107(4), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.03.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eagleman, D. M. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eagleman, D. M., Tse, P. U., Buonomano, D., Janssen, P., Nobre, A. C., & Holcombe, A. O. (2005). Time and the brain: How subjective time relates to neural time. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(45), 10369–10371. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3487-05.2005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Edelman, D. B., & Seth, A. K. (2009). Animal consciousness: A synthetic approach. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(9), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.008 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Eichenbaum, H. (2017). On the integration of space, time, and memory. Neuron, 95(5), 1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Herzog, M. H., Drissi-Daoudi, L., & Doerig, A. (2020). All in good time: Long-lasting postdictive effects reveal discrete perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(10), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.07.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Herzog, M. H., Kammer, T., & Scharnowski, F. (2016). Time slices: What is the duration of a percept? PLoS Biology, 14(4), Article e1002433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002433 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ivry, R. B., & Schlerf, J. E. (2008). Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ivry, R. B., & Spencer, R. M. (2004). The neural representation of time. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.013 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Koch, C. (2018). What is consciousness? Scientific American, 318(6), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0618-60 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016). Neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 17(5), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.22 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Kornhuber, H. H., & Deecke, L. R. (2016). Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials. Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology, 468(7), 1115–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-016-1852-3 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Kotchoubey, B., Vogel, D., Lang, S., & Müller, F. (2014). What kind of consciousness is minimal? Brain Injury, 28(9), 1156–1163. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.920523 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Science, 8(4), 529–566. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00044903 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., & Pearl, D. K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106(Pt 3), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/106.3.623 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Madl, T., Baars, B. J., & Franklin, S. (2011). The timing of the cognitive cycle. PLoS One, 6(4), Article e14803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014803 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Mauk, M. D., & Buonomano, D. V. (2004). The neural basis of temporal processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 307–340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144247 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Meck, W. H., Penney, T. B., & Pouthas, V. (2008). Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Merchant, H., Harrington, D. L., & Meck, W. H. (2013). Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36, 313–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Monti, M. M.Sannita, W. G. (Eds.). (2016). Brain function and responsiveness in the disorders of consciousness. Springer. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Morrone, M. C., Cicchini, M., & Burr, D. C. (2010). Spatial maps for time and motion. Experimental Brain Research, 206(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2334-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Neafsey, E. J. (2021). Conscious intention and human action: Review of the rise and fall of the readiness potential and Libet’s clock. Consciousness and Cognition, 94, Article 103171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103171 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Ross, J., Morrone, M. C., Goldberg, M. E., & Burr, D. C. (2001). Changes in visual perception at the time of saccades. Trends in Neurosciences, 24(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01685-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Sannita, W. G. (2008). Neuronal functional diversity and collective behaviors. Journal of Biological Physics, 34(3–4), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10867-008-9097-9 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Sannita, W. G. (2014). Human brain physiology investigated in the disorder of consciousness. Frontiers in Neurology, 5, Article 211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00211 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Scharnowski, F., Rees, G., & Walsh, V. (2013). Time and the brain: Neurorelativity: The chronoarchitecture of the brain from the neuronal rather than the observer’s perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 51–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Schiff, N. D., Ribary, U., Moreno, D. R., Beattie, B., Kronberg, E., Blasberg, R., Giacino, J., McCagg, C., Fins, J. J., Llinás, R., & Plum, F. (2002). Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain. Brain, 125(Pt 6), 1210–1234. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf131 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Schurger, A., Hu, P., Pak, J., & Roskies, A. L. (2021). What is the readiness potential? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(7), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar Tononi, G., & Koch, C. (2015). Consciousness: Here, there and everywhere? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 370(1668), Article 20140167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0167 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar White, P. A. (2018). Is conscious perception a series of discrete temporal frames? Consciousness and Cognition, 60, 98–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.012 First citation in articleCrossref, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 37Issue 2April 2023ISSN: 0269-8803eISSN: 2151-2124 ReceivedDecember 22, 2021RevisedApril 15, 2022AcceptedApril 30, 2022Published onlineJune 27, 2022 InformationJournal of Psychophysiology (2022), 37, pp. 122-124 https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000304.© 2022Hogrefe PublishingConflict of Interest:There is no conflict of interest to be disclosed.PDF download Funding: No funding has been requested or obtained.
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时间、意识和准备潜力
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