Avian echocardiography

Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI:10.1053/j.saep.2005.12.005

Michael Pees DrMedVet, Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns ProfDrMedVet, Dipl. ECAMS

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Abstract

Echocardiography in birds is a useful intravitam technique for morphological and functional cardiac assessment, although the technical equipment has to be advanced to examine the avian heart. Probes with small coupling surfaces and frequencies of at least 7.5 MHz are necessary, and ultrasound devices should be able to produce at least 100 frames/s. A bipolar ECG is used to examine the heart in endsystolic and enddiastolic stage. Two approaches for coupling the probe are described. By using the ventromedian approach, two horizontal longitudinal views present the chambers, the interventricular septum, and the valves of the heart. Reference values for B-Mode and spectral Doppler are available for different species, but experiences with Doppler examinations in diseased birds are still rare. Common pathological echocardiographic findings in birds are hydropericardium, hypertrophy and/or dilation of the right ventricle, and hypertrophy of the muscular right atrioventricular valve.

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禽流感超声心动图

摘要鸟类心脏造影是一种有用的心脏形态和功能评估的静脉内技术，但检查鸟类心脏的技术设备必须先进。具有小耦合面和频率至少为7.5 MHz的探头是必要的，超声波设备应能够产生至少100帧/秒。双极心电图用于心脏收缩期和舒张期的检查。描述了两种耦合探针的方法。通过使用腹正中入路，两个水平纵向视图显示心室、室间隔和心脏瓣膜。B-Mode和频谱多普勒的参考值可用于不同的物种，但对病禽进行多普勒检查的经验仍然很少。鸟类常见的病理超声心动图表现为心包积液、右心室肥大和/或扩张，以及肌性右房室瓣膜肥大。

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