Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine最新文献

Birds often require anesthesia for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The provision of anesthesia with a low risk of complications is, in part, associated with a working knowledge of avian cardiopulmonary physiology. Inhalant anesthesia remains the technique of choice for anesthesia of birds. Anesthetic drugs and techniques, including air sac cannulation and intraosseous catheterization, for pet birds (psittacines and passerines) are covered in this review.

Pet rabbits and ferrets are increasingly presented to veterinarians, and new demands are placed on veterinarians to manage pain in these species. Relatively little data exist regarding the efficacy of analgesics in these animals. Rabbits and ferrets exhibit different behavioral and physiological responses to pain, and an understanding of the normal behavior of these species is critical to pain assessment. Although acute pain is relatively easy to identify, signs of chronic pain may be more subtle. Occasionally, simple husbandry corrections can help alleviate painful chronic conditions. The prevention of pain by minimizing tissue trauma with a gentle surgical technique and preemptive analgesia is critical when dealing with rabbits and ferrets in the clinical setting. Many of the same analgesic techniques and drugs used in dogs and cats can be extrapolated to rabbits and ferrets, though some of the drugs have specific indications and contraindications. Discussions of the clinical use of opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, ketamine, and tramadol in rabbits and ferrets are presented. Reference to the current literature is made where possible. In addition, insights gained from the author’s experience with the clinical use of these drugs in rabbits and ferrets are presented.

Reptiles are a diverse, complex group of animals that present unique challenges to the practitioner delivering anesthetic and analgesic care. A review of the current literature addressing the physiology and anatomy pertinent to the administration of anesthesia and analgesia to a wide variety of reptiles is presented in this article. Current clinical techniques in sedation and analgesia, the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, perianesthetic support, and monitoring are discussed.

Monitoring the depth of anesthesia is one of the most challenging tasks during anesthesia of exotic pets. Although there are many tools for monitoring mammalian species, these are sometimes not as reliable in the exotic animal. In addition, there is a lack of normal values or references for many of these tools. This article will concentrate on the essentials of monitoring exotic animals during anesthesia with emphasis on practical applications for clinical practice. Thermoregulation and monitoring of reflexes and cardiovascular and respiratory parameters are discussed. A discussion of the equipment available for monitoring is presented.

Avian pain is likely analogous to pain experienced by most mammals. Approach to pain management for the avian patient involves considering the duration, type, and extent of injury along with physical, environmental, and behavioral management. Invasive, painful procedures should always be accompanied by appropriate analgesia and anesthesia. Although pain management in birds is in its infancy, research and clinical studies demonstrate benefit for use of opioids, steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as other analgesics such as α₂-agonists, ketamine, and local anesthetics. Ongoing assessment of pain and analgesic efficacy is extremely important, because the dosage and choice of analgesic may vary widely between species.