Post-Face Lift Facial Paralysis: A 20-Year Experience.

Abstract

Background: Facial nerve (FN) injury during a face lift is a relatively rare but potentially devastating complication. Despite extensive literature discussing FN anatomy and danger zones, few studies describe detailed management, FN exploration intraoperative findings, and outcome after post-face lift facial paralysis (PFFP). The authors reviewed a 20-year experience in managing iatrogenic PFFP.

Methods: Patients with PFFP were retrospectively identified between 2002 and 2022. Demographic data, operative details from the face lift procedure, facial function after face lift, medical and surgical management, intraoperative findings, and long-term outcomes were analyzed.

Results: A total of 25 patients who experienced PFFP were referred for evaluation over the past 20 years. Eight patients required FN exploration, 6 of whom underwent nerve repair; all recovered to some degree, with 50% achieving essentially normal facial function. Fourteen patients underwent nonsurgical management, including physical therapy, chemodenervation, and filler therapy. Of these nonsurgical patients who were not lost to follow-up, 50% achieved normal facial function and 42% achieved nearly normal facial function. The single patient who had no spontaneous improvement presented outside the reinnervation window and was not an operative candidate.

Conclusions: PFFP outcome depends on injury type and location, accurate assessment, and appropriate treatment; however, the overall prognosis is favorable. FN exploration is warranted when nerve transection is suspected. Observation is suitable for patients demonstrating early signs of recovery. Patients presenting beyond a reasonable reinnervation window will need other facial reanimation techniques. When FN exploration is required, outcomes may be superior in a facial nerve center setting. Adjunctive interventions for symmetry improvement while awaiting recovery are available.

Clinical question/level of evidence: Therapeutic, IV.