Hydrogen sulfide attenuates atherosclerosis induced by low shear stress by sulfhydrylating endothelium NFIL3 to restrain MEST mediated endothelial mesenchymal transformation

Abstract

Background

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) induced by low shear stress plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the correlation between hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a protective gaseous mediator in atherosclerosis and the process of EndMT.

Methods

We constructed a stable low-shear-stress-induced(2 dyn/cm²) EndMT model, acombined with the pretreatment method of hydrogen sulfide slow release agent(GYY4137). The level of MEST was detected in the common carotid artery of ApoE^−/− mice with local carotid artery ligation. The effect of MEST on atherosclerosis development in vivo was verified using ApoE^−/− mice were given tail-vein injection of endothelial-specific overexpressed and knock-down MEST adeno-associated virus (AAV).

Results

These findings confirmed that MEST is up-regulated in low-shear-stress-induced EndMT and atherosclerosis. In vivo experiments showed that MEST gene overexpression significantly promoted EndMT and aggravated the development of atherosclerotic plaques and MEST gene knockdown significantly inhibited EndMT and delayed the process of atherosclerosis. In vitro, H₂S inhibits the expression of MEST and EndMT induced by low shear stress and inhibits EndMT induced by MEST overexpression. Knockdown of NFIL3 inhibit the up regulation of MEST and EndMT induced by low shear stress in HUVECs. CHIP-qPCR assay and Luciferase Reporter assay confirmed that NFIL3 binds to MEST DNA, increases its transcription and H₂S inhibits the binding of NFIL3 and MEST DNA, weakening NFIL3's transcriptional promotion of MEST. Mechanistically, H₂S increased the sulfhydrylation level of NFIL3, an important upstream transcription factors of MEST. In part, transcription factor NFIL3 restrain its binding to MEST DNA by sulfhydration.

Conclusions

H₂S negatively regulate the expression of MEST by sulfhydrylation of NFIL3, thereby inhibiting low-shear-stress-induced EndMT and atherosclerosis.