Three-stage pyrolysis–steam reforming–water gas shift processing of household, commercial and industrial waste plastics for hydrogen production

Abstract

Five common single plastics and nine different household, commercial and industrial waste plastics were processed using a three-stage (i) pyrolysis, (ii) catalytic steam reforming and (iii) water gas shift reaction system to produce hydrogen. Pyrolysis of plastics produces a range of different hydrocarbon species which are subsequently catalytically steam reformed to produce H₂ and CO and then undergo water gas shift reaction to produce further H₂. The process mimics the commercial process for hydrogen production from natural gas. Processing of the single polyalkene plastics (high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP)) produced similar H₂ yields between 115 mmol and 120 mmol per gram plastic. Even though PS produced an aromatic product slate from the pyrolysis stage, further stages of reforming and water gas shift reaction produced a gas yield and composition similar to that of the polyalkene plastics (115 mmol H₂ per gram plastic). PET gave significantly lower H₂ yield (41 mmol per gram plastic) due to the formation of mainly CO, CO₂ and organic acids from the pyrolysis stage which were not conducive to further reforming and water gas shift reaction. A mixture of the single plastics typical of that found in municipal solid waste produced a H₂ yield of 102 mmol per gram plastic. Knowing the gas yields and composition from the single plastics enabled an estimation of the yields from a simulated waste plastic mixture and a ‘real-world’ waste plastic mixture to be determined. The different household, commercial and industrial waste plastic mixtures produced H₂ yields between 70 mmol and 107 mmol per gram plastic. The H₂ yield and gas composition from the single waste plastics gave an indication of the type of plastics in the mixed waste plastic samples.

Graphical abstract