Surface Modification Aspects for Improving Biomedical Properties in Implants: A Review

Abstract

The primary focus during surgery is to ensure successful implantation by achieving long-term and stable fixation of implants. Orthopaedic surgery is now more focused on the development of novel biomaterials intended to improve implant performance. To obtain a better understanding of metal implants, this article investigated the causes of material failures in certain cases and analysed a few case studies. The interaction between the implant and bone tissue was a crucial aspect of successful implantation, and this study explored the factors influencing this interaction as well as ways to improve it. Several modern approaches used for modifying implant surfaces were systematically illustrated and briefly analysed. Thermal spray coatings were often favoured because of their wide range of coating materials, but other substantial surface modifications (such as friction stir processing and laser surface texturing) were also used for a selection of applications. Notably, implant surfaces with desirable features, such as biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, were essential for optimising implant functionality. This systematic review's main aim is to provide exhaustive reference information and a broad overview to advance the production and design of orthopaedic implants.