Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy cattle and calves during the early stages of a calving season

Paul M. Bartley, Johan H. Standar, Frank Katzer
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Abstract

Cryptosporidium parvum is a causative agent of cryptosporidiosis, an infectious gastroenteritis in neonatal ruminants, which can be fatal in severe cases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infections in dairy cattle/calves during the early stages of a calving season and the species/genotypes of the Cryptosporidium present. Faecal samples collected from pre- and post-partum dams (n = 224) as well as calves from age ∼1 day onwards (n = 312) were examined. Oocysts were concentrated, DNA extracted and tested by Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene PCR and sequencing, while genotypes of C. parvum were determined by gp60 and VNTR analysis. Results showed that 31.3% and 30.4% of pre- and post-partum dams tested positive for Cryptosporidium, respectively. In the adults, C. parvum (n = 52), C. bovis (n = 4) and C. andersoni (n = 19) were identified, while in the calves 248 out of 312 (79.5%) were PCR-positive for C. parvum. The proportion of positive calf samples was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the proportion of positive adult cattle during the first seven weeks of the calving season. In adult cattle, three distinct gp60 genotypes were identified, a predominant genotype IIaA15G2R1 (n = 36) and genotypes IIaA15R1 (n = 2) and IIaA14G2R1 (n = 1). In the calves, only genotype IIaA15G2R1 was detected (n = 125). Although C. parvum was observed in adult cattle two weeks after the start of the calving season, the predominant genotypes were not detected until Week 4 in both adults and calves, meaning it is still unclear whether adult cattle are the initial source of C. parvum infections on the farm. Historically calves on this dairy farm demonstrated the IIaA19G2R1 genotype, which, has now clearly been replaced with the IIaA15G2R1 genotype that is now found in both adults and calves. During the study season, significantly higher levels of neonatal calf mortality were observed compared to the seasons before (P = 0.046) and after (P = 0.0002). This study has shown comparable levels of C. parvum infection in both pre- and post-partum dams but higher levels of infection in neonatal calves.

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产犊初期奶牛和犊牛体内副隐孢子虫的遗传特征
副隐孢子虫是新生反刍动物隐孢子虫病的致病菌,是一种传染性胃肠炎,严重时可导致死亡。本研究旨在确定产犊季节初期奶牛/犊牛的感染率以及隐孢子虫的种类/基因型。研究人员检测了从产前和产后母牛(n = 224)以及 1 日龄以上犊牛(n = 312)采集的粪便样本。浓缩卵囊、提取 DNA 并通过隐孢子虫 18S rRNA 基因 PCR 和测序进行检测,同时通过 gp60 和 VNTR 分析确定副猪嗜血杆菌的基因型。结果显示,分别有 31.3% 和 30.4% 的产前和产后母畜的隐孢子虫检测呈阳性。在成年犊牛中,发现了副猪嗜血杆菌(52 个)、牛嗜血杆菌(4 个)和安德森嗜血杆菌(19 个),而在 312 头犊牛中,有 248 头(79.5%)对副猪嗜血杆菌呈 PCR 阳性。在产犊季节的前七周,阳性犊牛样本的比例(P < 0.0001)明显高于阳性成年牛的比例。在成年牛中,发现了三种不同的 gp60 基因型:主要基因型 IIaA15G2R1(n = 36)、基因型 IIaA15R1(n = 2)和 IIaA14G2R1(n = 1)。在小牛中,只检测到基因型 IIaA15G2R1(n = 125)。虽然在产犊期开始两周后就在成年牛体内观察到了副猪嗜血杆菌,但直到第 4 周才在成年牛和犊牛体内检测到主要基因型,这意味着目前仍不清楚成年牛是否是该牧场副猪嗜血杆菌的最初感染源。过去,该奶牛场的犊牛表现出 IIaA19G2R1 基因型,但现在显然已被 IIaA15G2R1 基因型所取代,目前在成年牛和犊牛中均可发现该基因型。在研究季节,观察到新生犊牛死亡率明显高于之前(P = 0.046)和之后(P = 0.0002)的季节。这项研究表明,产前和产后母牛的副猪嗜血杆菌感染水平相当,但新生犊牛的感染水平较高。
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