Influence of crown and canopy structure on light absorption, light use efficiency, and growth in mixed and pure Pseudotsuga menziesii and Fagus sylvatica forests

Abstract

Mixed-species forests can provide higher levels of ecosystem functions and services and can be more resistant and resilient in the face of global change. While many studies focus on the growth and yield of mixed forests, fewer have examined the underlying processes. Inter- or intra-specific differences and interactions influence tree- and stand-level light absorption by determining the vertical structure of stratified canopies, stand density, leaf area index, and the size or allometry of trees. While canopy light absorption is a very important process, it is difficult to quantify it for individual species within a mixture and is rarely examined. A detailed tree-level model (MAESTRA) was used in combination with measurements of tree sizes and stand structures to examine effects of mixing on absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) in 41–63-year-old stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Fagus sylvatica at three sites in Bavaria, Germany. The effects of initial stand density on APAR were analysed in 46-year-old P. menziesii stands of a spacing experiment at two sites. At the tree level, mixing increased mean height and leaf area, growth (185% higher) and APAR (85% higher) of P. menziesii at all sites. Mean tree heights and crown sizes of F. sylvatica were larger in mixtures, while recent growth rates and APAR were not significantly different to monocultures. Planting density did not influence mean tree variables (e.g. height, leaf area, crown volume), because any initial spacing effects had been gradually removed by thinning across all treatments. At the stand level, there were no differences in growth, basal area or in the annual growth per annual APAR (light use efficiency, LUE) between monocultures and mixtures. The highest APAR values were observed in P. menziesii monocultures, while the lowest APAR values were observed in F. sylvatica monocultures. While mixing these species may not increase stand-level growth during later phases of development, mixing accelerated initial growth of individual trees and reduced the time to reach target diameters, which are both important aspects in adapting forests to global change.