Peripheral MC1R Activation Modulates Immune Responses and is Neuroprotective in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

IF 5.2 3区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI:10.1007/s11481-023-10094-7
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Abstract

Background

Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a key pigmentation gene, and loss-of-function of MC1R variants that produce red hair may be associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously reported compromised dopaminergic neuron survival in Mc1r mutant mice and dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of local injection of a MC1R agonist to the brain or a systemically administered MC1R agonist with appreciable central nervous system (CNS) permeability. Beyond melanocytes and dopaminergic neurons, MC1R is expressed in other peripheral tissues and cell types, including immune cells. The present study investigates the impact of NDP-MSH, a synthetic melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist that does not cross BBB, on the immune system and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in mouse model of PD.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were treated systemically with MPTP.HCl (20 mg/kg) and LPS (1 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 4 and NDP-MSH (400 µg/kg) or vehicle from day 1 to day 12 following which the mice were sacrificed. Peripheral and CNS immune cells were phenotyped and inflammatory markers were measured. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system was assessed behaviorally, chemically, immunologically, and pathologically. To understand the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this model, CD25 monoclonal antibody was used to deplete CD25 + Tregs.

Results

Systemic NDP-MSH administration significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss induced by MPTP + LPS. It improved the behavioral outcomes in the pole test. Mc1r mutant mice injected with NDP-MSH in the MPTP and LPS paradigm showed no changes in striatal dopamine levels suggesting that the NDP-MSH acts through the MC1R pathway. Although no NDP-MSH was detected in the brain, peripheral, NDP-MSH attenuated neuroinflammation as observed by diminished microglial activation in the nigral region, along with reduced TNF-α and IL1β levels in the ventral midbrain. Depletion of Tregs was associated with diminished neuroprotective effects of NDP-MSH.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that peripherally acting NDP-MSH confers protection on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and reduces hyperactivated microglia. NDP-MSH modulates peripheral immune responses, and Tregs may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of NDP-MSH.

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外周 MC1R 激活可调节帕金森病小鼠模型的免疫反应并具有神经保护作用
摘要 背景 黑色素皮质素1受体(MC1R)是一种关键的色素沉着基因,产生红毛的MC1R变体功能缺失可能与帕金森病(PD)有关。我们以前曾报道过 Mc1r 突变小鼠的多巴胺能神经元存活率下降,以及向大脑局部注射 MC1R 激动剂或全身注射具有明显中枢神经系统(CNS)渗透性的 MC1R 激动剂对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。除黑色素细胞和多巴胺能神经元外,MC1R 还表达于其他外周组织和细胞类型,包括免疫细胞。本研究探讨了不通过 BBB 的合成黑皮质素受体(MCR)激动剂 NDP-MSH 对免疫系统和黑质多巴胺能系统的影响。 方法 从第 1 天到第 4 天,用盐酸 MPTP(20 毫克/千克)和 LPS(1 毫克/千克)对 C57BL/6 小鼠进行全身治疗;从第 1 天到第 12 天,用 NDP-MSH(400 微克/千克)或药物对小鼠进行全身治疗,然后将小鼠处死。对外周和中枢神经系统免疫细胞进行表型,并测量炎症标记物。对黑质多巴胺能系统进行了行为学、化学、免疫学和病理学评估。为了解调节性 T 细胞(Tregs)在该模型中的作用,使用了 CD25 单克隆抗体来清除 CD25 + Tregs。 结果 全身注射 NDP-MSH 能显著减轻 MPTP + LPS 引起的纹状体多巴胺耗竭和黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失。NDP-MSH还能改善极点试验的行为结果。在 MPTP 和 LPS 范例中注射 NDP-MSH 的 Mc1r 突变小鼠的纹状体多巴胺水平没有变化,这表明 NDP-MSH 是通过 MC1R 途径发挥作用的。虽然在大脑中未检测到 NDP-MSH,但外周 NDP-MSH 可减轻神经炎症,这表现在黑质区域的小胶质细胞活化减少,腹侧中脑的 TNF-α 和 IL1β 水平降低。Tregs 的耗竭与 NDP-MSH 神经保护作用的减弱有关。 结论 我们的研究表明,外周作用的 NDP-MSH 可保护多巴胺能黑质神经元,并减少过度激活的小胶质细胞。NDP-MSH 可调节外周免疫反应,而 Tregs 可能参与了 NDP-MSH 的神经保护作用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
13.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
18
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: The aims of the Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology are to promote the dissemination, interest, and exchange of new and important discoveries for the pharmacology and immunology of the nervous system. The aims parallel that of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology by increasing the fundamental understanding of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders affected by the immune system or vice versa and towards pharmacologic measures that lead, either to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, or by improving disease outcomes. The scope of JNIP includes all primary works and reviews into the etiology, prevention, and treatment of neuroimmune and nervous system diseases affected by disordered immunity. Original studies serving to define neuroimmune modulation of environmental or endogenous cues such as toxins and drugs of abuse, hormones, and cytokines are welcome. JNIP will serve as a reliable source of interdisciplinary information bridging the fields of pharmacology, immunology, and neuroscience.
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