Do cities mitigate or exacerbate environmental damages to health?

IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Regional Science and Urban Economics Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103973
David Molitor , Corey White
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Abstract

Do environmental conditions pose greater health risks to individuals living in urban or rural areas? The answer is theoretically ambiguous: while urban areas have traditionally been associated with heightened exposure to environmental pollutants, the economies of scale and density inherent to urban environments offer unique opportunities for mitigating or adapting to these harmful exposures. To make progress on this question, we focus on the United States and consider how exposures – to air pollution, drinking water pollution, and extreme temperatures – and the response to those exposures differ across urban and rural settings. While prior studies have addressed some aspects of these issues, substantial gaps in knowledge remain, in large part due to historical deficiencies in monitoring and reporting, especially in rural areas. As a step toward closing these gaps, we present new evidence on urban–rural differences in air quality and population sensitivity to air pollution, leveraging recent advances in remote sensing measurement and machine learning. We find that the urban–rural gap in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has converged over the last two decades and the remaining gap is small relative to the overall declines. Furthermore, we find that residents of urban counties are, on average, less vulnerable to the mortality effects of PM2.5 exposure. We also discuss promising areas for future research.

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城市会减轻还是加剧环境对健康的损害?
环境条件是否对生活在城市或农村地区的人构成更大的健康风险?答案在理论上是模棱两可的:虽然城市地区传统上与更高的环境污染物暴露有关,但城市环境固有的规模经济和密度为减轻或适应这些有害暴露提供了独特的机会。为了在这一问题上取得进展,我们将重点放在美国,并考虑在城市和农村环境中,空气污染、饮用水污染和极端温度的暴露以及对这些暴露的反应有何不同。虽然之前的研究已经解决了这些问题的某些方面,但在知识方面仍然存在很大差距,这在很大程度上是由于监测和报告方面的历史缺陷造成的,尤其是在农村地区。为了缩小这些差距,我们利用遥感测量和机器学习方面的最新进展,提出了有关城乡空气质量差异和人口对空气污染敏感性的新证据。我们发现,在过去二十年中,细颗粒物(PM2.5)的城乡差距有所收敛,相对于整体下降而言,剩余差距较小。此外,我们还发现,平均而言,城市地区的居民更不容易受到 PM2.5 暴露的死亡影响。我们还讨论了未来有望开展研究的领域。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.30
自引率
9.70%
发文量
63
期刊介绍: Regional Science and Urban Economics facilitates and encourages high-quality scholarship on important issues in regional and urban economics. It publishes significant contributions that are theoretical or empirical, positive or normative. It solicits original papers with a spatial dimension that can be of interest to economists. Empirical papers studying causal mechanisms are expected to propose a convincing identification strategy.
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