The Boring Billion: A key to resolving controversy on ore-fluid source models for orogenic gold deposits?

IF 4.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Mineralium Deposita Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI:10.1007/s00126-023-01244-1
David I. Groves, M. Santosh, Qingfei Wang, Liang Zhang, Hesen Zhao
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Abstract

Orogenic gold systems are arguably the most variable mineral system globally in terms of an extreme range of depositional depths, corresponding P–T conditions and wallrock alteration assemblages, structural controls and styles, and element associations. This diversity has ignited controversy on genetic models for the two decades since orogenic gold became a widely accepted term. From the diverse genetic models proposed, the two groups of fluid-source models that meet most genetic constraints are the following: (1) deposition from crustal fluids via metamorphic devolatilization at the amphibolite-greenschist transition, or potentially even deeper under specific tectonic conditions, and (2) deposition from sub-crustal fluids either by direct devolatilization of subducted oceanic crust and overlying sediment wedge or of previously metasomatized and fertilized mantle lithosphere. Both models normally postulate gold deposition within a geodynamic system that evolves from extension through compression into syn-gold transpression. Crustal metamorphic models normally invoke subduction-driven geodynamic systems that involve advection of crustal metamorphic fluids up crustal-scale faults. In contrast, sub-crustal devolatilization models involve subduction-related processes as both geodynamic drivers and gold sources with fault-controlled fluid conduits extending to below the Moho. The overall lack of orogenic gold and other subduction-related mineral systems during the unique Boring Billion (1.8–0.8 Ga) period provides an important constraint on this genetic debate. Boring Billion orogens had varying geodynamic drivers, asthenosphere upwelling, and low-P metamorphic terranes with crustal-scale faults, all parameters consistent with formation of orogenic gold systems, during subduction-independent accordion-type tectonics. The absence of orogenic gold during the Boring Billion provides critical evidence against the crustal metamorphic model and furthers the sub-crustal model which requires subduction as both the geodynamic driver and auriferous fluid source.

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Boring Billion:解决造山型金矿床矿石流体源模型争议的关键?
就沉积深度、相应的 P-T 条件和壁岩蚀变组合、结构控制和风格以及元素关联的极端范围而言,造山金系统可以说是全球变化最大的矿物系统。在成因金成为一个被广泛接受的术语后的二十年里,这种多样性引发了对成因模型的争议。在提出的各种成因模型中,符合大多数成因约束条件的流体源模型有以下两类:(1) 地壳流体在闪长岩-绿泥石转变期通过变质脱溶沉积,或在特定构造条件下可能在更深的地方沉积;(2) 地壳下流体通过俯冲洋壳和上覆沉积楔的直接脱溶沉积,或通过先前变质和肥化的地幔岩石圈沉积。这两种模式通常都假定金沉积在一个地球动力系统中,该系统由延伸通过压缩演变为同步金换位。地壳变质模型通常采用俯冲驱动的地球动力系统,涉及地壳变质流体沿地壳尺度断层的平流。与此相反,壳下脱熔模型涉及与俯冲有关的过程,既是地球动力驱动因素,也是金源,由断层控制的流体通道延伸到莫霍面以下。在独特的 Boring Billion(1.8-0.8 Ga)时期,总体上缺乏造山金矿和其他与俯冲相关的矿物系统,这为这一成因争论提供了重要的制约因素。Boring Billion时期的造山运动具有不同的地球动力驱动因素、星体上涌和具有地壳尺度断层的低P变质地层,所有这些参数都与独立于俯冲作用的风琴型构造期间造山金系统的形成相一致。博林千亿国际娱乐不存在造山型金矿,这为地壳变质模型提供了关键证据,并推进了亚地壳模型,该模型要求俯冲既是地球动力驱动因素,又是含金流体来源。
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来源期刊
Mineralium Deposita
Mineralium Deposita 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
6.20%
发文量
61
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The journal Mineralium Deposita introduces new observations, principles, and interpretations from the field of economic geology, including nonmetallic mineral deposits, experimental and applied geochemistry, with emphasis on mineral deposits. It offers short and comprehensive articles, review papers, brief original papers, scientific discussions and news, as well as reports on meetings of importance to mineral research. The emphasis is on high-quality content and form for all articles and on international coverage of subject matter.
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