Through the eyes of Parkinson\'s: A narrative review of clinical spectrum and ophthalmological challenges in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

The ophthalmic non-motor dysfunctions are most common among individuals with Parkinson’s disease, manifesting both prior to motor symptoms and throughout the progression of the neurodegenerative condition. Detecting these impairments early on holds significant potential for disease identification, particularly in its nascent stages. Given the comprehensive nature of ocular involvement, encompassing both extraocular and intraocular elements of the visual system, a comprehensive evaluation stands to benefit patients. Considering the shared embryonic origin of the retina and central nervous system, exploring retinal changes in Parkinson's disease could yield insights applicable to the broader brain context. Consequently, identifying these manifestations could enhance medical assessments of Parkinson's disease and offer predictive value regarding its progression.The impact of these ophthalmological issues extends to the quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients, accentuating the importance of addressing them. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the primary visual impairments linked to Parkinson's disease, reflecting a substantial portion of the visual challenges encountered by affected individuals and for the overall well-being of those living with the condition.