Spontaneous symmetry breaking as a law of nature

IF 0.5 Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chemistry Journal of Moldova Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI:10.19261/cjm.2023.1098
Isaac Bersuker
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Abstract

In a semi-review paper, it was discussed the notion of symmetry of polyatomic systems defined as invariance under transformations, and show that this important property of atomic matter is extremely vulnerable, and may undergo internal breakdown, subject to the presence of electronic degeneracy or pseudodegeneracy. First formulated by Landau, L. in 1934, later proved and published by Jahn and Teller, this Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) underwent tremendous developments with important applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. Less attention was paid to the roots of this phenomenon and its correct interpretation in the sense of its influence on observable properties. It is shown that electronic degeneracy and its extended form, called pseudodegeneracy, are actually the only source of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in nature, including all forms of matter, beginning with elementary particles, via nuclei, atoms, molecules, and solids. Theoretically, the vulnerability of the notion of symmetry is due to the fact that, following quantum mechanics, the separation of the motion of electrons and nuclei (and, similarly, the separation of motions of elementary particles) is approximate, and hence the classical notion of polyatomic space configuration is approximate too, with SSB as one of its main violation.
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自发对称破缺是一种自然规律
在一篇半综述论文中,讨论了多原子系统的对称性概念,其定义是变换下的不变性,并指出原子物质的这一重要特性极其脆弱,可能会因电子变性或假变性的存在而发生内部崩溃。Jahn-Teller 效应(JTE)由兰道(Landau, L. )于 1934 年首次提出,后由扬恩(Jahn)和特勒(Teller)证明并发表,它在物理学、化学、生物学和材料科学领域都有重要应用,并取得了巨大发展。人们对这一现象的根源及其对可观测特性影响的正确解释关注较少。研究表明,电子变性及其扩展形式(称为假变性)实际上是自然界自发对称性破缺(SSB)的唯一来源,包括从基本粒子开始,到原子核、分子和固体等所有形式的物质。从理论上讲,对称性概念之所以脆弱,是因为根据量子力学,电子和原子核运动的分离(同样,基本粒子运动的分离)是近似的,因此经典的多原子空间构型概念也是近似的,而自发对称性破缺(SSB)则是其主要的违背之一。
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来源期刊
Chemistry Journal of Moldova
Chemistry Journal of Moldova CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
20.00%
发文量
8
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: "Chemistry Journal of Moldova. General, Industrial and Ecological Chemistry" seeks to publish experimental or theoretical research results of outstanding significance and timeliness in all fields of Chemistry, including Industrial and Ecological Chemistry. The main goal of this edition is strengthening the Chemical Society of Moldova, following development of research in Moldovan chemical institutions and promotion of their collaboration with international chemical community. Manuscripts are welcome from all countries.
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