Energetic costs of raising brood in honey bee colonies are high, but heater bees are cheap

IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Journal of insect physiology Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104613
Scott E. Debnam, Mattix Blu McCormick, Ragan M. Callaway, H. Arthur Woods
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Abstract

Little is known about the energetic costs to insects of raising young. Honey bees collectively raise young, or brood, through a series of complex behaviors that appear to accelerate and synchronize the timing of brood maturation. These include maintaining the brood nest at warmer and consistent temperatures (33–36 °C) and the exceptional activity of heater bees. Heater bees are a part of the larger group of nurse bees that care for brood by rapidly contracting thoracic muscles to generate high body temperatures, from 42 to 47 °C. Heater bees move among brood cells and display this behavior to regulate the temperatures of individual larvae and pupae. We constructed three sets of experimental hives to explore the energy costs of raising brood in general and the cost of heater bees specifically. One set was designed to estimate the numerical allocation of individuals to the heater bee task. The second set was designed to contain only brood, which eliminated foraging and allowed us to quantify stored honey use when rearing juveniles at 10 and 30 °C. The final set was used to measure the respiration rates and energy expenditure of individual bees displaying resting, walking, heating, and agitated behavior. By integrating honey used by brood-only experimental colonies with whole-colony measurements of honey storage in the literature, we estimated that raising brood costs colonies half of their annual energy budgets stored as honey, or approximately 43.7 ± 0.9 kg·yr−1. We estimated that roughly 2 % of individuals in a colony perform as heater bees. Respiration rates of heater bees (19 mW) were more than those of resting bees (8 mW) but similar to those of walking bees (20 mW) and about half of those that were agitated (46 mW). The energetic cost of heating was more than an order of magnitude lower than the reported values for the energetic cost of flying. By integrating data from our three experimental hives, we estimate that the annual cost of raising brood is relatively high. However, heater bee behavior and physiology may require only about 7 % of the annual honey stored by a colony.

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蜂群育雏的能量成本很高,但加热蜂很便宜
人们对昆虫养育幼虫的能量成本知之甚少。蜜蜂通过一系列复杂的行为集体养育幼蜂或雏蜂,这些行为似乎能加快雏蜂成熟的时间并使之同步。这些行为包括将育雏巢保持在较高且稳定的温度(33-36°C)下,以及加温蜂的特殊活动。加温蜂是哺育蜂中的一员,它们通过快速收缩胸部肌肉来产生 42 至 47 ℃ 的高体温,从而照顾雏蜂。加温蜂在育雏室之间移动,并通过这种行为来调节个体幼虫和蛹的温度。我们建造了三组实验蜂巢,以探索一般育雏的能量成本,特别是加温蜂的成本。其中一组旨在估算个体在加温蜂任务中的数量分配。第二组蜂巢只包含育雏蜂,这消除了觅食的需要,使我们能够量化在10和30°C条件下饲养幼蜂时储存蜂蜜的使用量。最后一组用于测量蜜蜂在休息、行走、取暖和躁动时的呼吸速率和能量消耗。通过将纯育雏实验蜂群使用的蜂蜜与文献中对整个蜂群蜂蜜储存量的测量结果进行整合,我们估计育雏蜂群花费了其每年以蜂蜜形式储存的能量预算的一半,即大约 43.7±0.9 kg-yr-1。我们估计,蜂群中大约有 2% 的个体是暖蜂。加热蜂的呼吸速率(19 mW)高于静止蜂(8 mW),但与步行蜂(20 mW)相似,约为激动蜂(46 mW)的一半。加热的能量成本比报告的飞行能量成本值低一个数量级以上。综合三个实验蜂箱的数据,我们估计每年育雏的成本相对较高。然而,加热器蜜蜂的行为和生理可能只需要蜂群每年储存蜂蜜的 7% 左右。
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来源期刊
Journal of insect physiology
Journal of insect physiology 生物-昆虫学
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
4.50%
发文量
77
审稿时长
57 days
期刊介绍: All aspects of insect physiology are published in this journal which will also accept papers on the physiology of other arthropods, if the referees consider the work to be of general interest. The coverage includes endocrinology (in relation to moulting, reproduction and metabolism), pheromones, neurobiology (cellular, integrative and developmental), physiological pharmacology, nutrition (food selection, digestion and absorption), homeostasis, excretion, reproduction and behaviour. Papers covering functional genomics and molecular approaches to physiological problems will also be included. Communications on structure and applied entomology can be published if the subject matter has an explicit bearing on the physiology of arthropods. Review articles and novel method papers are also welcomed.
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