Double Metal Cyanide (DMC) Catalysts: Synthesis, Structure, and Action Mechanism (A Review)

IF 1.3 4区工程技术 Q3 CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC Petroleum Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI:10.1134/s0965544123090074

D. A. Pyatakov, I. E. Nifant’ev

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Abstract

Double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts have no alternatives for use in the industrial process of propylene oxide (PO) polymerization to obtain polypropylene oxide (PPO) with the properties required for specialty applications: low degree of unsaturation, high molecular mass, and high hydroxyl value. The modern commercial samples show high performance and allow the process to be performed with extremely low catalyst amounts (down to 25 ppm). Such amounts do not require the catalyst regeneration and to not impair the polymer properties. The main drawbacks of these materials are relatively complex synthesis and moisture sensitivity. Despite the fact that DMC catalysts are known since the 1960s, their hybrid character and variable composition still complicate their study and elucidation of the relationship between the preparation procedure, composition, and properties of these materials. This review is aimed at systematizing and analyzing the information on the synthesis, structure, and action mechanism of DMC catalysts. Both traditional synthesis and nontraditional methods for preparing DMC catalysts are described in detail. Much attention is paid to the catalytic site structure, polymerization mechanism, and physicochemical properties of these materials as heterogeneous catalysts.

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双金属氰化物 (DMC) 催化剂：合成、结构和作用机理（综述）

摘要双氰化金属（DMC）催化剂在环氧丙烷（PO）聚合的工业过程中没有替代品，无法获得特种应用所需的聚环氧丙烷（PPO）：低不饱和度、高分子量和高羟值。现代商用样品显示出很高的性能，可以用极低的催化剂用量（低至 25 ppm）进行工艺处理。这样的用量不需要催化剂再生，也不会损害聚合物的特性。这些材料的主要缺点是合成相对复杂和对湿气敏感。尽管 DMC 催化剂早在 20 世纪 60 年代就已为人所知，但其混合特性和多变的组成仍然使研究和阐明这些材料的制备过程、组成和性能之间的关系变得复杂。本综述旨在系统整理和分析有关 DMC 催化剂的合成、结构和作用机理的信息。文中详细介绍了制备 DMC 催化剂的传统合成方法和非传统方法。对这些材料作为异相催化剂的催化位点结构、聚合机理和理化性质给予了很大关注。

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来源期刊

Petroleum Chemistry 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

2.50

自引率

21.40%

发文量

102

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Petroleum Chemistry (Neftekhimiya), founded in 1961, offers original papers on and reviews of theoretical and experimental studies concerned with current problems of petroleum chemistry and processing such as chemical composition of crude oils and natural gas liquids; petroleum refining (cracking, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming); catalysts for petrochemical processes (hydrogenation, isomerization, oxidation, hydroformylation, etc.); activation and catalytic transformation of hydrocarbons and other components of petroleum, natural gas, and other complex organic mixtures; new petrochemicals including lubricants and additives; environmental problems; and information on scientific meetings relevant to these areas. Petroleum Chemistry publishes articles on these topics from members of the scientific community of the former Soviet Union.