Petroleum Chemistry最新文献

Cyclopentane is an important organic raw material for the production of refrigerants and foaming agents. The relative volatilities of 2,2-dimethylbutane (DMB) and cyclopentane were determined in the presence of four extractants including dimethyl formamide (DMF, 100 wt %), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP, 100 wt %), DMF (80 wt %) + NMP (20 wt %), and DMF (79 wt %) + NMP (19 wt %) + sodium acetate (AcONa, 2 wt %). The results showed that the complex solvent containing AcONa provided a good separation effect, and the accuracy of the relative volatility determination was verified by the extractive distillation experiment. The process conditions for separating DMB and cyclopentane by extractive distillation with DMF (79 wt %) + NMP (19 wt %) + AcONa (2 wt %) as the extractant were systematically discussed. At the mass percentage of AcONa in DMF and NMP of ~2.0–2.5 wt %, mass ratio of solvent of about 6, the number of theoretical plates of about 30, the reflux ratio of about 3, and the solvent feed temperature of about 50°C, the composite extract (DMF (79 wt %) + NMP (19 wt %) + AcONa (2 wt %)) exhibited a better separation efficiency of the cyclopentane–DMB azeotropic system. According to the calculations of the process simulation, under the same operating conditions, the reboiler energy consumption could be reduced by 25.1% and the energy consumption for cooling could be reduced by 28.4% compared to that for the DMF solvent only.

Poly(castor oil(CO)–styrene(St)) (PCOS) was synthesized in toluene with azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator using a Schlenk technology. The structure of PCOS was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the performance of the synthesized copolymer was evaluated as a solidification point depressant and a viscosity index improver. Experimental results show that when the optimum process conditions are m(CO) : m(St) = 1 : 1, and the AIBN mass fraction is 0.4% (based on the total mass of monomers) at 90°C for 6 h, the copolymer yield is 41%, the average relative molecular mass is 3.1  ×  10⁴, and the polydispersity index is 2.9. After addition of the synthesized copolymer, the solidification point of the lubricant fraction (350–395°C) can be decreased by 6–12°C, while the viscosity index can increase by 24–39. Therefore, the synthesized copolymer could be used as a lubricant additive with the double functions of reducing the solidification point and increasing the viscosity index.

A traditional technology for removing acid gases includes absorption by aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. Despite a high degree of gas flow purification and the high productivity of this process, there is a problem of thermo-oxidative degradation of the absorption solution. Degradation products are thermally stable and tend to accumulate within the system, resulting in significant operational problems. One of the promising approaches to the regeneration of alkanolamine absorbents is combining of membrane filtration and electrodialysis. This paper presents the first study of the effect of the pore size of a membrane used for prefiltration of an alkanolamine absorbent on the efficiency of the removal of heat-stable salts (HSS) by electrodialysis. Our findings indicate that both the initial HSS content and the effectiveness of their extraction vary depending on the alkanolamine type. Such variation is determined by the different mechanisms of a resin formation in absorbent solutions depending on the alkanolamine type. It was shown that decreasing the pore size and transition from microfiltration to nanofiltration enhances the degree of HSS extraction from 55 to 65% for classical electrodialysis and up to 87% for bipolar electrodialysis. To address the issue of fouling in ion-exchange membranes, a sequential washing with acid and alkaline solutions has been proposed. Our results indicate that this method makes it possible to restore the degree of HSS extraction from absorption solutions by 95%.

Catalytic systems based on SAPO-11 molecular sieves are known for their superior selectivity in the hydroisomerization of higher (C₁₆₊) n-paraffins. However, further improvement of SAPO-11-based catalysts is impeded by the lack of effective tools for controlling the morphology and size of silicoaluminophosphate crystals. The present study investigates the effects of the DPA/Al₂O₃ molar ratio in reaction gels on the nature of intermediate phases and on the physicochemical properties of SAPO-11 molecular sieves. SAPO-11 has been found to crystallize through the formation of different phases depending on the DPA/Al₂O₃ ratio: an AlPO₄·2H₂O intermediate at DPA/Al₂O₃ = 1.0, a mixture of AlPO₄·2H₂O and a layered silicoaluminophosphate at DPA/Al₂O₃ = 1.4, and a layered silicoaluminophosphate alone at DPA/Al₂O₃ = 1.8. Proper adjustment of this ratio provides an effective tool to control the crystal morphology, crystal size, and the porous structure characteristics of the SAPO-11 molecular sieves. It has been identified that, at DPA/Al₂O₃ = 1.0, cubic and lamellar SAPO-11 nanocrystals 200–400 nm in size are formed. These nanocrystals have the following textural properties: S_BET = 286 m²/g; V_micro = 0.06 cm³/g; and V_meso = 0.21 m³/g. Furthermore, the effects of the morphology and size of SAPO-11 molecular sieve crystals on their catalytic performance in the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane have been demonstrated. Promising catalytic systems based on SAPO-11 nanocrystals have been proposed for the hydroisomerization of C₁₆₊ n-paraffins.

The article provides a comparative assessment of two design cases of heat input for a compact single-tube steam methane reformer operating at 10 bar and a feed flow rate of 1–3 Nm³/h, filled with a granulated nickel catalyst, and equipped with a 5–15 kW propane–butane burner. In the first design case, the catalyst-filled tube was heated with a flue gas as it was injected from the flame burner (at an excess air ratio of 2.3) through an annular channel that enclosed the tube. In the second design case, the heat was provided by a cylindrical IR burner panel (at an excess air ratio of 1.05) that enclosed the tube. Using mathematical modeling, the performance of both reformer cases was compared, with all other parameters being equal. The IR-burner-based reformer exceeded its flue-gas-heated counterpart in terms of methane conversion, heat recovery efficiency (about twofold for both parameters), the percentage of radiant heat transfer (by a factor of about 2.3), and fuel enthalpy increase (6–7% higher in the second case). When the operating load was tripled, the reformer integrated with the IR burner exhibited a lesser performance drop (regarding all the parameters mentioned above) than the conventionally heated reformer (in particular, the methane conversion declined by 8% in the second design case and by 18% in the first). The parametric calculations based on the permeable burner panel model showed that a Peclet number greater than five (Pe > 5) was able to prevent the panel inlet surface from heating to an extent that could otherwise cause emergency autoignition of the fuel–air mixture at the panel inlet.

The steadily growing demand for hydrogen, a valuable feedstock for industry and a promising environmentally clean energy carrier, requires expansion of the available industrial facilities and search for new energy-efficient and environmentally safe procedures for hydrogen production. This paper is a review of modern achievements in the field of thermocatalytic decomposition of methane. Recently this hydrogen production route underwent active development because of its environmental advantages compared to other routes (steam conversion, coal gasification, water electrolysis, etc.). Data on modern catalysts used for thermocatalytic decomposition of methane are presented. The effect of the active component, support, promoter, and catalyst structure and preparation procedure on the catalyst performance in methane pyrolysis is considered. Problems associated with the catalyst deactivation and regeneration and ways to solve them are discussed. The possibility of using carbon materials as methane pyrolysis catalysts is analyzed.

The study investigates the effects of various functional groups contained in porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) on the properties and performance of a series of rhodium catalysts developed for hydroformylation. Analytical methods such as TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, XRD, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption were used to characterize the catalysts before and after running. The catalysts based on PAFs with sulfo groups (PAF–SO₃H) exceeded those based on PAFs with imidazole substituents (PAF–Im⁺Cl^–) in terms of specific activity in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene. Both catalyst types exhibited high stability over five running cycles. An extra wash with sulfuric acid enhanced the specific activity of the PAF–SO₃H catalysts, although their metal retention capacity declined; the washing had no adverse effect on the stability of the PAF–Im⁺Cl^– catalysts. Rhodium in the catalysts was present as Rh⁰ (nanoparticles) and Rh³⁺, and the reduced Rh was found to most likely act as a precursor of the catalytically active hydridocarbonyl complexes.

A series of unsupported nickel phosphides were synthesized in situ in a reaction mixture under the conditions of hydrodechlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Triphenylphosphine and red phosphorus were used as phosphorus sources, beneficial in terms of environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, it was demonstrated that, with red phosphorus as a phosphorus source, a Ni₂P phase was formed even at a Ni/P molar ratio of 1 : 1. The effects of temperature and pressure on the catalytic activity were investigated. The nickel phosphides proved to be reusable in hydrodechlorination: their catalytic activity remained adequate over five reaction cycles. In contrast, an unphosphided nickel-based catalyst exhibited high activity only in the first to third reaction cycles, after which the dechlorination degree abruptly declined due to the formation of NiCl₂.