Opportunities and challenges in cathode development for non-lithium-ion batteries

IF 42.9 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY eScience Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI:10.1016/j.esci.2024.100232
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Abstract

Lithium (Li)-ion batteries have stimulated the societal transformation to clean energy systems. This carry-on electricity is revolutionizing how society communicates, functions, and evolves efficiently by enabling mobile electronics, zero-emission electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage. In preparation for the sustainable energy future, however, there are growing concerns about depleting critical elements used in the Li technology (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel), especially for large-scale applications that will accelerate the rate of elemental consumption. Various non-Li-based rechargeable batteries composed of earth-abundant elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, have been proposed and explored as alternative systems to promote sustainable development of energy storage. In this perspective, we discuss challenges in Li-ion batteries in the sustainability aspect and provide our opinions on the potential applications of non-Li-based batteries. We also highlight the current status, important progress, and remaining challenges of the Li-alternative technologies.

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非锂离子电池正极开发的机遇与挑战
锂离子电池推动了社会向清洁能源系统的转变。这种随身携带的电力通过支持移动电子设备、零排放电动汽车和固定式能源存储,正在彻底改变社会沟通、运转和高效发展的方式。然而,为了迎接可持续能源的未来,人们越来越担心锂技术中使用的关键元素(如锂、钴和镍)会被耗尽,特别是在大规模应用中,这将加快元素消耗的速度。人们提出并探索了由钠、钾、镁和钙等地球富集元素组成的各种非锂充电电池,作为促进能源存储可持续发展的替代系统。在本视角中,我们讨论了锂离子电池在可持续发展方面面临的挑战,并就非锂基电池的潜在应用提出了自己的看法。我们还强调了锂替代技术的现状、重要进展和仍然存在的挑战。
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